Association between electronic cigarette use and the development of severe pneumonia in young individuals

Abstract

Objective: To analyze the relationship between the use of electronic cigarettes and the development of severe pneumonia in young individuals, highlighting the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms, available clinical evidence, and public health impacts. Literature review: In recent decades, electronic cigarettes, also known as vapes, have become a controversial alternative to conventional smoking. Although initially promoted as a harm reduction strategy, their use has increased significantly, especially among adolescents, driven by easy access and social media exposure. These devices operate through the vaporization of liquids containing nicotine, flavorings, and solvents such as propylene glycol and vegetable glycerin, which, when inhaled, can cause inflammation and lung injury. Recent studies describe EVALI (e-cigarette or vaping-associated lung injury) as an acute and potentially fatal condition characterized by cough, dyspnea, fever, and bilateral infiltrates on imaging. The pathophysiology involves oxidative stress, alveolar inflammation, and epithelial dysfunction, potentially progressing to severe pneumonia and respiratory failure. Final considerations: The increasing use of electronic cigarettes among young people poses a growing public health challenge. The literature highlights the need for stricter regulatory policies, expanded educational actions, and continuous epidemiological surveillance to prevent respiratory complications and reduce the clinical and social impact of these devices.