Abstract
This article sought to review the current scientific literature that addresses the mechanisms through which a gynecological infection by Chlamydia trachomatis can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility, as well as highlight relevant clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of the disease. A narrative bibliographic review was carried out by consulting scientific articles indexed in the main medical literature databases. The scientific literature describes Chlamydia infection as a significant public health problem today, even in developed countries. The association between prolonged infection by the pathogen and pelvic inflammatory disease and other complications of the genital tract results from a complex pathophysiology, involving morphological, immunological and genital microbiome changes. The lack of information and the inaccessibility to diagnostic tests prevail as obstacles to the control of the disease, which can result in severe impacts on the reproductive health of women. Adequate screening and early treatment of pelvic inflammatory disease is imperative, especially considering that the pathology can present it self as an insidious condition.