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Inmunoterapia oncológica: fundamentos inmunológicos, toxicidad, mecanismos de resistencia y dificultad de acceso
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Palabras clave

Equidad
Eventos adversos inmunorrelacionados
Inmunoterapia
Inhibidores de puntos de control inmunitario

Cómo citar

Inmunoterapia oncológica: fundamentos inmunológicos, toxicidad, mecanismos de resistencia y dificultad de acceso. (2026). Revista Eletrônica Acervo Científico, 26, e23894. https://doi.org/10.25248/reac.e23894.2026

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Resumen

Objetivo: Analizar los mecanismos de evasión inmune tumoral e el impacto terapéutico de los inhibidores de puntos de control inmunitario (ICIs) en el tratamiento de neoplasias sólidas y hematológicas, discutiendo los desafíos clínicos y las barreras de acceso. Revisión bibliográfica: El cáncer utiliza mecanismos como el eje hipoxia–HIF-1α–CD73 y la sobreexpresión de PD-L1 para crear un microambiente inmunosupresor compuesto por Tregs, MDSCs y macrófagos M2. La inmunoterapia con anticuerpos anti-CTLA-4, anti-PD-1 y anti-PD-L1 restaura la citotoxicidad de los linfocitos T, presentando respuestas duraderas en tumores como el melanoma e el carcinoma pulmonar. Sin embargo, la eficacia está limitada por la resistencia tumoral y la aparición de eventos adversos inmunorrelacionados (irAEs) en órganos como los pulmones y el tracto gastrointestinal, además de la disparidad económica global que restringe el acceso a las terapias en países de ingresos bajos y medios. Consideraciones finales: La inmunoterapia representa un hito en la oncología moderna, aunque su consolidación depende de la identificación de biomarcadores predictivos y de estrategias que minimicen la resistencia tumoral. El estudio destaca la necesidad de políticas públicas para democratizar el acceso y de un manejo clínico riguroso de los efectos adversos para garantizar la seguridad del paciente.

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