Celiac disease: clinical and diagnostic aspects and the impact of the gluten-free diet

Abstract

Objective: To analyze the characteristics of Celiac Disease (CD) and the impact of a gluten-free diet. Literature review: Celiac Disease is an autoimmune condition triggered by the ingestion of gluten in genetically predisposed individuals, especially those carrying the HLA-DQ2 and HLA-DQ8 alleles. The abnormal immune reaction leads to inflammation and atrophy of the intestinal villi, resulting in malabsorption of nutrients. Clinically, the disease can present classically, with chronic diarrhea, abdominal distension, weight loss, and anemia, or non-classically, manifesting with extraintestinal symptoms such as fatigue, osteopenia, infertility, and neurological changes. Diagnosis is based on the association between clinical presentation, specific serology (anti-transglutaminase and anti-endomysium), and histological confirmation by biopsy. The introduction and strict maintenance of a gluten-free diet represent the main treatment, promoting villous recovery, symptom relief, and prevention of serious complications. Final considerations: Celiac disease represents a significant clinical and public health challenge, requiring early diagnosis and strict adherence to a gluten-free diet to prevent complications. Multidisciplinary follow-up is essential to optimize therapeutic adherence, correct nutritional deficiencies, and promote a better quality of life.