Resumo
Objetivo: Avaliar os impactos respiratórios e sistêmicos do uso de cigarros eletrônicos em adolescentes e jovens adultos, com ênfase nos mecanismos fisiopatológicos e evidências recentes. Revisão bibliográfica: O consumo de cigarros eletrônicos têm aumentado entre jovens, expondo-os a aerossóis com propilenoglicol, glicerol, nicotina, formaldeído, acroleína, metais pesados e aromatizantes. Esses compostos podem induzir inflamação, estresse oxidativo, disfunção epitelial e lesões pulmonares, detectáveis por métodos como o Lung Clearance Index, mesmo com espirometria normal. Além do sistema respiratório, observam-se efeitos no sistema nervoso central, com potencial neurotóxico e risco de dependência; no cardiovascular, com elevação da frequência cardíaca e pressão arterial; e no gastrointestinal, com sintomas agudos e inflamações crônicas. Mecanismos como irritação química, infiltração de neutrófilos, aumento de citocinas pró-inflamatórias e produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio estão implicados na patogênese. O uso de sais de nicotina e aromatizantes, como o diacetil, aumenta o potencial de dependência e o risco de doenças como bronquiolite obliterante e EVALI. Considerações finais: Considera-se que os cigarros eletrônicos representam risco significativo à saúde, inclusive potencial carcinogênico, justificando estratégias preventivas e educativas voltadas principalmente ao público jovem.
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