Indiscriminate use of antibiotics in pediatric respiratory infections: clinical risks and bacterial resistance

Abstract

Objective: Analyze the main factors associated with the inappropriate use of antibiotics in pediatric respiratory infections. Literature review: Acute respiratory infections are among the most prevalent childhood conditions and account for a large proportion of antimicrobial prescriptions, despite most having a viral origin. The difficulty in rapidly distinguishing viral from bacterial infections favors the empirical use of antibiotics, contributing to bacterial resistance and alterations in the infant microbiota. Immunological immaturity, especially in the early years of life, increases vulnerability to infections and reinforces preventive prescribing practices. In addition to biological aspects, behavioral factors influence decision-making, such as parental expectations for antibiotic prescriptions and the persistent culture of self-medication in various contexts. Institutional guidelines and programs have emphasized the importance of rational antimicrobial use, highlighting clinical protocols, epidemiological surveillance, and continuing education for healthcare professionals. Final considerations: Antimicrobial resistance in pediatrics represents a multifactorial challenge that requires coordinated actions. Evidence-based strategies, combined with the awareness of professionals and caregivers, are essential to reduce inappropriate prescriptions, promote responsible antibiotic use, and preserve their efficacy for future generations.