The anterior cruciate ligament injury and its consequences in the life of sports practitioners
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Published
Jan 25, 2024
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Abstract
Objective: To analyze the pattern of ACL injury mechanisms in order to determine the best forms of prevention, as well as to establish the most effective therapies for rehabilitation to sports practice. Methods: The methodological approach of this study is a compilation of qualitative and descriptive bibliographic research through an integrative literature review in the National Library of Medicine and Virtual Health Library databases. The descriptors used were "ligament", "soccer" and "rehabilitation". The inclusion criteria were observational studies and controlled clinical trials published in English between 2017 and 2022. Results: It is impossible to prevent ACL injuries from happening, as athletes will always be subject to physical contact, jumping and changes of direction, but there are ways to make the muscles more resistant to impacts so that the force required for the injury is greater, thus making it less incident. Post-surgical complications can be avoided, and when they aren't, there are ways to enable the patient to return to sport and relieve pain. Final considerations: The incidence of ACL injury can be reduced. Its treatment is usually surgical and post-surgical follow-up requires dedication.
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TavaresB. da S., CorrêaM. da C., & LimaR. F. de S. (2024). The anterior cruciate ligament injury and its consequences in the life of sports practitioners. Revista Eletrônica Acervo Médico, 24, e14784. https://doi.org/10.25248/reamed.e14784.2024
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References
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2. ALSUBAIE SF, et al. Anterior cruciate ligament injury patterns and their relationship to fatigue and physical fitness levels. Medicine (Baltimore), 2021; 100(1): e24171.
3. Ardern CL, et al. Comparison of patient-reported outcomes among those who chose ACL reconstruction or non-surgical treatment. Scand J Med Sci Sport, 2017; 27(5): 535-544.
4. ARDERN CL, et al. Return to sport following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction surgery. Br J Sports Med, 2011; 45(7): 596-606.
5. ARLIANI GG, et al. Treatment of anterior cruciate ligament injuries in professional soccer players by orthopedic surgeons. Revista Brasileira de Ortopedia, 2019; 54(6): 703-708.
6. AUNE AK, et al. Four-strand hamstring tendon autograft compared with patellar tendon-bone autograft for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. A randomized study with two-year follow-up. Am J Sports Med, 2001; 29(06): 722-728.
7. BODEN BP, et al. Mechanisms of anterior cruciate ligament injury. Orthopedics, 2000; 23(6): 573–578.
8. BOURNE MN, et al. Is Fatigue a Risk Factor for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Rupture? Sports medicine, 2019; 49(11):1 629–1635.
9. DELLA VILLA F, et al. High rate of second ACL injury following ACL reconstruction in male professional footballers: an updated longitudinal analysis from 118 players in the UEFA Elite Club Injury Study. Br J Sports Med, 2021; 55(23): 1350-1356.
10. FJELLMAN-KIWLUND A, et al. Retrospective experiences of individuals two decades after anterior cruciate ligament injury - a process of re-orientation towards acceptance. Disabil Rehabil, 2022; 44(21): 6267-6276.
11. INKLAAR H. Soccer injuries: Incidence and severity. Sports Med, 1994; 18(1): 55-73.
12. JOSEPH AM, et al. A multisport epidemiologic comparison of anterior cruciate ligament injuries in high school athletics. Journal of athletic training, 2013; 48(6): 810–817.
13. KRUTSCH W, et al. High return to competition rate following ACL injury - A 10-year media-based epidemiological injury study in men's professional football. Eur J Sport Sci, 2020; 20(5): 682–690.
14. LINDANGER L, et al. Effect of Early Residual Laxity After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction on Long-term Laxity, Graft Failure, Return to Sports, and Subjective Outcome at 25 Years.Am J Sports Med, 2021; 49(5): 1227-1235.
15. LIPORACI RF, et al. Clinical Features and isokinetic Parameters in Assessing Injury Risk in elite Football Players. Int J Sports Med, 2019; 40(14): 903-908.
16. MARDER RA, et al. Prospective evaluation of arthroscopically assisted anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: Patellar tendon versus semitendinosus and gracilis tendons. Am J Sports Med, 1991; 19(05): 478-484.
17. MARTIN-ALGUACIL JL, et al. Comparison of knee sonography and pressure pain threshold after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with quadriceps tendon versus hamstring tendon autografts in soccer players. Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc, 2019; 53(4): 260-265.
18. MELICK N, et al. Fatigue affects quality of movement more in ACL-reconstructed soccer players than in healthy soccer players. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc., 2019; 27(2): 549–555.
19. MESSER DJ, et al. Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Increases the Risk of Hamstring Strain Injury Across Football Codes in Australia. Sports Med, 2022; 52(4): 923-932.
20. MOHTADI NG e CHAN DS. Return to Sport-Specific Performance After Primary Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Systematic Review. Am J Sports Med, 2018; 46(13): 3307-3316.
21. NUCCIO S, et al. Muscle fiber conduction velocity in the vastus lateralis and medialis muscles of soccer players after ACL reconstruction. Scand J Med Sci Sports, 2020; 30(10): 1976-1984.
22. PRODROMOS C, et al. A meta-analysis of stability of autografts compared to allografts after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Knee surgery, sports traumatology, arthroscopy: official journal of the ESSKA, 2007; 15(7): 851–856.
23. RELPH N, et al. The effects of ACL injury on knee proprioception. Physiother, 2014; 100(3): 187-195.
24. SANDON A, et al. High risk of further anterior cruciate ligament injury in a 10-year follow-up study of anterior cruciate ligament-reconstructed soccer players in the Swedish National Knee Ligament Registry Arthroscopy, 2020; 36(1): 189–195.
25. SPINDLER KP e Wright RW. Clinical practice. Anterior cruciate ligament tear. The New England journal of medicine, 2008; 359(20): 2135–2142.
26. STEFFEN K, et al. Risk of injury on artificial turf and natural grass in young female football players. British journal of sports medicine, 2007; 41(Suppl1): i33-37.
27. TAYLOR JB, et al. Evaluation of the effectiveness of anterior cruciate ligament injury prevention programme training components: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med, 2015; 49(2): 79–87.
28. TAYLOR JB, et al. Real-time optimized biofeedback utilizing sport techniques (ROBUST). BMC Musculoskelet Disord, 2017; 18(1): 71-80.
29. TAYLOR JB, et al. Sport-specific biomechanical responses to an ACL injury prevention programme. J Sports Sci, 2018; 36(21): 2492-2501.
30. TEMPONI EF, et al. Partial tearing of the anterior cruciate ligament: diagnosis and treatment. Rev Bras Ortop 2015; 50(1): 9–15.
31. THING L. Voices of the broken body the resumption of non-professional female players’ sports careers after anterior cruciate ligament injury. The female player's dilemma: is she willing to run the risk? Scand J Med Sci Sports, 2006; 16(5): 364–375.
32. VOSKANIAN N. Acl injury prevention in female athletes: Review of the literature and practical considerations in implementing an acl prevention program. Curr Ver Musculoskelet Med, 2013; 6(2): 158–163.
33. WALDÉN M, et al. Anterior cruciate ligament injury in elite football: a prospective three-cohort study. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc, 2011; 19(1): 11-19.
34. WALDÉN M. Return to sports after ACL reconstruction surgery: a risk for further joint injury? The ACL-deficient knee. A problem solving approach. 1st ed. London: Springer-Verlag, 2013; 14(1): 183-88.
35. WALDÉN M, et al. ACL injuries in men's professional football: a 15-year prospective study on time trends and return-to-play rates reveals only 65% of players still play at the top level 3 years after ACL rupture. Br J Sports Med, 2016; 50(12): 744–50.
36. WEILER R, et al. Non-operative management of a complete anterior cruciate ligament injury in an English Premier League football player with return to play in less than 8 weeks: applying common sense in the absence of evidence. BMJ Case Rep, 2015; 26/bcr-2014208012.
37. WHYTE EF, et al. Effects of a dynamic core stability program on the biomechanics of cutting maneuvers. Scand J Med Sci Sports, 2018; 28(2): 452-462.
38. ZAFFAGNINI S, et al. Return to sport after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in professional soccer players. Knee, 2014; 21(3): 731–735.
2. ALSUBAIE SF, et al. Anterior cruciate ligament injury patterns and their relationship to fatigue and physical fitness levels. Medicine (Baltimore), 2021; 100(1): e24171.
3. Ardern CL, et al. Comparison of patient-reported outcomes among those who chose ACL reconstruction or non-surgical treatment. Scand J Med Sci Sport, 2017; 27(5): 535-544.
4. ARDERN CL, et al. Return to sport following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction surgery. Br J Sports Med, 2011; 45(7): 596-606.
5. ARLIANI GG, et al. Treatment of anterior cruciate ligament injuries in professional soccer players by orthopedic surgeons. Revista Brasileira de Ortopedia, 2019; 54(6): 703-708.
6. AUNE AK, et al. Four-strand hamstring tendon autograft compared with patellar tendon-bone autograft for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. A randomized study with two-year follow-up. Am J Sports Med, 2001; 29(06): 722-728.
7. BODEN BP, et al. Mechanisms of anterior cruciate ligament injury. Orthopedics, 2000; 23(6): 573–578.
8. BOURNE MN, et al. Is Fatigue a Risk Factor for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Rupture? Sports medicine, 2019; 49(11):1 629–1635.
9. DELLA VILLA F, et al. High rate of second ACL injury following ACL reconstruction in male professional footballers: an updated longitudinal analysis from 118 players in the UEFA Elite Club Injury Study. Br J Sports Med, 2021; 55(23): 1350-1356.
10. FJELLMAN-KIWLUND A, et al. Retrospective experiences of individuals two decades after anterior cruciate ligament injury - a process of re-orientation towards acceptance. Disabil Rehabil, 2022; 44(21): 6267-6276.
11. INKLAAR H. Soccer injuries: Incidence and severity. Sports Med, 1994; 18(1): 55-73.
12. JOSEPH AM, et al. A multisport epidemiologic comparison of anterior cruciate ligament injuries in high school athletics. Journal of athletic training, 2013; 48(6): 810–817.
13. KRUTSCH W, et al. High return to competition rate following ACL injury - A 10-year media-based epidemiological injury study in men's professional football. Eur J Sport Sci, 2020; 20(5): 682–690.
14. LINDANGER L, et al. Effect of Early Residual Laxity After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction on Long-term Laxity, Graft Failure, Return to Sports, and Subjective Outcome at 25 Years.Am J Sports Med, 2021; 49(5): 1227-1235.
15. LIPORACI RF, et al. Clinical Features and isokinetic Parameters in Assessing Injury Risk in elite Football Players. Int J Sports Med, 2019; 40(14): 903-908.
16. MARDER RA, et al. Prospective evaluation of arthroscopically assisted anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: Patellar tendon versus semitendinosus and gracilis tendons. Am J Sports Med, 1991; 19(05): 478-484.
17. MARTIN-ALGUACIL JL, et al. Comparison of knee sonography and pressure pain threshold after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with quadriceps tendon versus hamstring tendon autografts in soccer players. Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc, 2019; 53(4): 260-265.
18. MELICK N, et al. Fatigue affects quality of movement more in ACL-reconstructed soccer players than in healthy soccer players. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc., 2019; 27(2): 549–555.
19. MESSER DJ, et al. Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Increases the Risk of Hamstring Strain Injury Across Football Codes in Australia. Sports Med, 2022; 52(4): 923-932.
20. MOHTADI NG e CHAN DS. Return to Sport-Specific Performance After Primary Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Systematic Review. Am J Sports Med, 2018; 46(13): 3307-3316.
21. NUCCIO S, et al. Muscle fiber conduction velocity in the vastus lateralis and medialis muscles of soccer players after ACL reconstruction. Scand J Med Sci Sports, 2020; 30(10): 1976-1984.
22. PRODROMOS C, et al. A meta-analysis of stability of autografts compared to allografts after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Knee surgery, sports traumatology, arthroscopy: official journal of the ESSKA, 2007; 15(7): 851–856.
23. RELPH N, et al. The effects of ACL injury on knee proprioception. Physiother, 2014; 100(3): 187-195.
24. SANDON A, et al. High risk of further anterior cruciate ligament injury in a 10-year follow-up study of anterior cruciate ligament-reconstructed soccer players in the Swedish National Knee Ligament Registry Arthroscopy, 2020; 36(1): 189–195.
25. SPINDLER KP e Wright RW. Clinical practice. Anterior cruciate ligament tear. The New England journal of medicine, 2008; 359(20): 2135–2142.
26. STEFFEN K, et al. Risk of injury on artificial turf and natural grass in young female football players. British journal of sports medicine, 2007; 41(Suppl1): i33-37.
27. TAYLOR JB, et al. Evaluation of the effectiveness of anterior cruciate ligament injury prevention programme training components: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med, 2015; 49(2): 79–87.
28. TAYLOR JB, et al. Real-time optimized biofeedback utilizing sport techniques (ROBUST). BMC Musculoskelet Disord, 2017; 18(1): 71-80.
29. TAYLOR JB, et al. Sport-specific biomechanical responses to an ACL injury prevention programme. J Sports Sci, 2018; 36(21): 2492-2501.
30. TEMPONI EF, et al. Partial tearing of the anterior cruciate ligament: diagnosis and treatment. Rev Bras Ortop 2015; 50(1): 9–15.
31. THING L. Voices of the broken body the resumption of non-professional female players’ sports careers after anterior cruciate ligament injury. The female player's dilemma: is she willing to run the risk? Scand J Med Sci Sports, 2006; 16(5): 364–375.
32. VOSKANIAN N. Acl injury prevention in female athletes: Review of the literature and practical considerations in implementing an acl prevention program. Curr Ver Musculoskelet Med, 2013; 6(2): 158–163.
33. WALDÉN M, et al. Anterior cruciate ligament injury in elite football: a prospective three-cohort study. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc, 2011; 19(1): 11-19.
34. WALDÉN M. Return to sports after ACL reconstruction surgery: a risk for further joint injury? The ACL-deficient knee. A problem solving approach. 1st ed. London: Springer-Verlag, 2013; 14(1): 183-88.
35. WALDÉN M, et al. ACL injuries in men's professional football: a 15-year prospective study on time trends and return-to-play rates reveals only 65% of players still play at the top level 3 years after ACL rupture. Br J Sports Med, 2016; 50(12): 744–50.
36. WEILER R, et al. Non-operative management of a complete anterior cruciate ligament injury in an English Premier League football player with return to play in less than 8 weeks: applying common sense in the absence of evidence. BMJ Case Rep, 2015; 26/bcr-2014208012.
37. WHYTE EF, et al. Effects of a dynamic core stability program on the biomechanics of cutting maneuvers. Scand J Med Sci Sports, 2018; 28(2): 452-462.
38. ZAFFAGNINI S, et al. Return to sport after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in professional soccer players. Knee, 2014; 21(3): 731–735.