Keywords
Esophagus
Gastroenterology
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Abstract
Objective: To analyze the characteristics of Esophageal Achalasia. Bibliographic Review: Achalasia is a rare disorder of esophageal motility characterized by insufficient relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) with loss of esophageal peristalsis due to degeneration of inhibitory neurons in the myenteric plexus region. Its main symptoms are dysphagia, regurgitation of undigested food, nocturnal respiratory symptoms (eg, aspiration pneumonia), chest pain, and weight loss. The cause of this disorder is unknown, but it is assumed to have an immune, environmental, and genetic component. Final considerations: Esophageal achalasia is a rare disease whose annual incidence is estimated between 1.07 to 2.2 cases per 100,000 individuals. The gold standard of diagnosis is high-resolution esophageal manometry, which should be complemented with esophagogastroduodenoscopy to exclude other causes for esophageal motility disorders. One of its most serious long-term complications is esophageal cancer. Its treatment aims to relieve symptoms by improving esophageal emptying. The main interventions are endoscopic injections of botulinum toxin, endoscopic pneumatic dilation, surgical esophageal myotomy and, more recently, peroral endoscopic myotomy.
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