Use of liquid biopsy in the diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring of solid tumor progression

Abstract

Objetive: To provide a comprehensive overview of the use of liquid biopsy in solid tumors, addressing its techniques, current clinical applications, and future perspectives based on the most recent evidence. Methods: This is a literature review conducted using the PICO strategy, with a PubMed search employing MeSH descriptors related to liquid biopsy, neoplasms, circulating tumor cells, and cell-free nucleic acids, including studies published within the last five years. Results: Findings demonstrate that biomarkers such as ctDNA, CTCs, microRNAs, exosomes, and tumor-educated platelets have relevant applicability in different solid tumors, contributing to real-time monitoring, early detection of recurrence, and prognostic assessment. Despite its high clinical potential, routine application remains limited by the lack of methodological standardization, biological variability, and variable analytical sensitivity, reinforcing its complementary role to tissue biopsies. Final considerations: Liquid biopsy represents a strategic advance in precision oncology, although its broad clinical incorporation depends on robust validation and technical standardization.