Keywords
Hypertensive retinopathy
Ophthalmology
How to Cite
Copyright © | All rights reserved.
The journal holds the exclusive copyright for the publication of this article under the terms of Brazilian law 9610/98.
Partial reproduction
The use of parts of the texts, figures and questionnaire of the article is free, being mandatory the citation of the authors and journal.
Total reproduction
It is expressly prohibited and must be authorized by the journal.
Abstract
Objective: To compare the characteristics of Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) and Hypertensive Retinopathy (HTR). Bibliographic review: Retinopathies such as DR and RTH are one of the major causes of visual loss in the working-age population, in addition to being predictors of Cardiovascular Disease (CVD). DR is divided into non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy, in the early stages, and proliferative diabetic retinopathy, when the disease is already in an advanced stage. Fundoscopy features are characterized by microaneurysms, hard exudates, hemorrhage, edema, and neovessels. HRT is classified in degrees by its severity. Initially, there is an increase in retinal vasospasms due to high blood pressure, evolving to vascular resistance, poor perfusion, necrosis and, with the persistence of uncontrolled blood pressure, neovessels appear. The treatment of both pathologies involves the control of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and Systemic Arterial Hypertension (SAH). Final considerations: Retinopathies result from the population's bad lifestyle habits. DR results from hyperglycemia while RTH from chronic blood pressure increase. Fundoscopy is essential in the follow-up of patients with SAH and DM, and the appearance of retinal abnormalities indicates CVD risk and loss of visual acuity.
References
ARSALAN M, et al. Diabetic and Hypertensive Retinopathy Screening in Fundus Images Using Artificially Intelligent Shallow Architectures. J Pers Med, 2021; 12(1): 7.
BANDELLO F, CICINELLI MV. 19th EURETINA Congress Keynote Lecture: Diabetic Retinopathy Today. Ophthalmologica, 2020; 243(3): 163-171.
CHEN X, et al. Hypertensive Retinopathy and the Risk of Stroke Among Hypertensive Adults in China. InvestOphthalmol Vis Sci, 2021; 62(9): 28.
CHEUNG CY, et al. Doença ocular hipertensiva. Nat RevDis Primers, 2022.
CHILLO P, et al. Hypertensive retinopathy and associated factors among nondiabetic chronic kidney disease patients seen at a tertiary hospital in Tanzania: a cross-sectional study. Int J NephrolRenovascDis, 2019; 12: 79-86.
CORRÊA MC, et al. Padrão dos métodos diagnósticos oftalmológicos usados para o diagnóstico precoce de retinopatia diabética: uma revisão de literatura. Revista Eletrônica Acervo Médico, 2022: e9925.
DI DANIELE N, et al. Effects of Caloric Restriction Diet on Arterial Hypertension and Endothelial Dysfunction. Nutrients, 2021; 13(1): 274.
DZIEDZIAK J, et al. Impact of Arterial Hypertension on the Eye: A Review of the Pathogenesis, Diagnostic Methods, and Treatment of Hypertensive Retinopathy. Med SciMonit, 2022; 28: e935135.
FENG X, et al. Diagnosis of chronic stage of hypertensive retinopathy based on spectral domain optical coherence tomography. J ClinHypertens (Greenwich), 2020; 22(7): 1247-1252
FUNG TH, et al. Diabetic retinopathy for the non-ophthalmologist. Clin Med (Lond), 2022; 22(2): 112-116.
GOPAR-NIETO R, et al. How to treat hypertension? Current management strategies. ArchCardiolMex, 2021; 91(4): 493-499.
HOU Y, et al. Risk factors and prevalence of diabetic retinopathy: A protocol for meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore), 2020; 99(42): e22695.
LECHNER J, et al. The pathology associated with diabetic retinopathy. Vision Res, 2017; 139: 7-14.
LI H, et al. Computational investigation of blood cell transport in retinal microaneurysms. PLoSComputBiol, 2022; 18(1): e1009728.
LI J, et al. Mild Hypertensive Retinopathy and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: The Suita Study. J AtherosclerThromb, 2022.
LIN KY, et al. Update in the epidemiology, risk factors, screening, and treatment of diabetic retinopathy. J Diabetes Investig, 2021; 12(8): 1322-1325.
MODI P, ARSIWALLA T. Hypertensive Retinopathy. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, 2022.
PADHY S, KUMAR V. Dramatic response to intravitreal Bevacizumab in hypertensive retinopathy. Indian J Ophthalmol, 2018; 66(10): 1494-1495.
SHA W, et al. The Role of SGLT2 Inhibitor on the Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy. J Diabetes Res, 2020; 2020: 8867875
SHEPARD BD. Sex differences in diabetes and kidney disease: mechanisms and consequences. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, 2019; 317(2): F456-F462.
SILVEIRA VA, et al. Atualizações no manejo de retinopatia diabética: revisão de literatura. Acta méd (Porto Alegre), 2018; 39(1): 293-306
SIMÓ-SERVAT O, et al. Diabetic Retinopathy in the Context of Patients with Diabetes. Ophthalmic Res, 2019; 62(4): 211-217.
SOCIEDADE BRASILEIRA DE DIABETES. Diretrizes da Sociedade Brasileira de Diabetes 2017-2018. Editora Clannad, 2017; 12-13
STEWART MW, et al. Current management of diabetic tractional retinal detachments. Indian J Ophthalmol, 2018; 66(12): 1751-1762.
THIAGARAJAH R, et al. Hypertensive Retinopathy and the Risk of Hemorrhagic Stroke. J Korean NeurosurgSoc, 2021; 64(4): 543-551.
TSUKIKAWA M, STACEY AW. A Review of Hypertensive Retinopathy and Chorioretinopathy. ClinOptom (Auckl), 2020; 12: 67-73.
WANG S, et al. The immunoproteasome subunit LMP10 mediates angiotensin II-induced retinopathy in mice. Redox Biol, 2018; 16: 129-138.
WANG W, LO ACY. Diabetic Retinopathy: Pathophysiology and Treatments. Int J Mol Sci, 2018; 19(6): 1816.
WHITEHEAD M, et al. Diabetic retinopathy: a complex pathophysiology requiring novel therapeutic strategies. Expert OpinBiolTher, 2018; 18(12): 1257-1270.
XU XH, et al. Diabetic retinopathy predicts cardiovascular mortality in diabetes: a meta-analysis. BMC CardiovascDisord, 2020; 20(1): 478.