Palabras clave
Neuroplasticidad
Neuroinflamación
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Resumen
Objetivo: Analizar los principales mecanismos involucrados en la neuroplasticidad asociados con la fisiopatología del Trastorno Depresivo Mayor (TDM) y sus implicaciones terapéuticas. Revisión bibliográfica: La neuroplasticidad desempeña un papel central en la fisiopatología del TDM, involucrando alteraciones estructurales, funcionales y sinápticas, además de mecanismos relacionados con la neuroinflamación, el estrés crónico y la señalización neurotrófica. La reducción de la actividad de las vías BDNF-TrkB y mTORC1, la pérdida de espinas dendríticas, la disminución de la conectividad neuronal y las alteraciones en la actividad de las redes cerebrales contribuyen al mantenimiento de las manifestaciones clínicas del trastorno. Por otro lado, diferentes intervenciones terapéuticas, incluidos los antidepresivos convencionales, la ketamina y las estrategias no farmacológicas, pueden favorecer la reorganización de los circuitos neuronales, la sinaptogénesis y la recuperación de la plasticidad cerebral. Consideraciones finales: La comprensión de la neuroplasticidad en el Trastorno Depresivo Mayor evidencia nuevos objetivos terapéuticos, favoreciendo estrategias capaces de restaurar la conectividad neuronal y mejorar la eficacia del tratamiento de la depresión.
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