Keywords
Papanicolaou test
Human papillomavirus
Screening
HPV DNA tests
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Abstract
Objective: To comparatively evaluate the performance of the Papanicolaou cytopathological examination and the molecular HPV DNA test in cervical cancer screening, considering sensitivity, specificity, early detection of precursor lesions, and applicability in preventive programs. Methods: This is an integrative literature review, structured according to PRISMA recommendations and based on the PICO strategy. The search was conducted exclusively in the PubMed/MEDLINE database, including studies published between 2018 and 2025. After applying the eligibility criteria, five studies composed the final sample. Results: The analyzed studies demonstrated that the HPV DNA test presents greater sensitivity for early identification of high-grade cervical intraepithelial lesions, whereas the Papanicolaou test demonstrated greater relative specificity. In addition, molecular testing showed potential to extend screening intervals and improve the effectiveness of preventive programs. Final considerations: The HPV DNA test demonstrated greater sensitivity for early detection of cervical precursor lesions, whereas cytopathology remains relevant because of its higher specificity and broad clinical applicability. Its implementation should consider infrastructure, access, and health system organization.
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