Resumen
Objetivo: Analizar el papel de la privación del sueño como factor de riesgo metabólico, con énfasis en sus efectos hormonales sobre la homeostasis metabólica. Revisión bibliográfica: La privación del sueño se asocia con alteraciones metabólicas importantes, incluyendo resistencia a la insulina, aumento de peso y mayor riesgo de síndrome metabólico. La evidencia demuestra que el sueño insuficiente promueve la desregulación de hormonas como la leptina, la grelina, el cortisol y la hormona del crecimiento, afectando el apetito, el comportamiento alimentario y el metabolismo de la glucosa. Además, la pérdida de sueño favorece la activación de vías inflamatorias y el aumento de la actividad simpática, contribuyendo a una inflamación crónica de bajo grado. La desalineación circadiana intensifica estos cambios al comprometer la sincronización entre el reloj biológico y los ciclos ambientales. También se observa un aumento de la ingesta calórica, preferencia por alimentos hipercalóricos y ausencia de compensación en el gasto energético. Consideraciones finales: La privación del sueño es un factor de riesgo modificable para trastornos metabólicos y debe considerarse en la prevención de enfermedades cardiometabólicas.
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