Pediatric bruxism: etiology, diagnosis, and management

Abstract

Objective: Evaluate the factors associated with childhood bruxism. Literature review: Bruxism is defined as an involuntary activity of the masticatory muscles and is classified as sleep bruxism (SB) and awake bruxism (AB). It presents with diverse clinical manifestations, most commonly including tooth wear, grinding sounds during sleep, linea alba, scalloped tongue, temporomandibular disorders, and sleep disturbances. Its etiology is multifactorial, involving factors such as anxiety, stress, and parafunctional habits, as well as genetic and environmental influences. Diagnosis is based on parental reports of teeth grinding, combined with a detailed anamnesis and careful clinical examination. Management primarily involves conservative strategies focused on parental guidance and control of risk factors. Pharmacological therapy and occlusal splints are reserved for severe cases. A multidisciplinary approach, including medical, dental, psychological, and, when necessary, pharmacological interventions, is essential for effective management. Final considerations: Although often self-limiting, pediatric bruxism may result in adverse clinical outcomes, highlighting the importance of early diagnosis and multidisciplinary management to prevent complications and promote better quality of life.