Black extrinsic spots on decided and permanent teeth: literature review

Abstract

Extrinsic black pigmented spots (EBPS) are characterized as pigmented spots, black in color, that occur in different locations of the arch, compromising the patient's dental aesthetics. In this article, the causes, diagnosis and treatment of EBPS were investigated, aiming to contribute to a greater understanding of the subject. Currently, with the evolution of dental aesthetics, demand has increased and improved access to the dental surgeon to treat situations such as EBPS. The occurrence of EBPS is related in the literature to the presence of some microorganisms, such as Actinomyces sp. and Prevotella Melaninogenicas, in the composition of oral biofilm, as well as diets rich in substances used by these microorganisms for the production of pigment, such as Calcium and Iron, mainly. The diagnosis of EBPS is performed clinically, with the laboratory diagnosis being considered the gold standard for microbial culture, enabling identification and sensitivity testing. Associated with the occurrence of spots is a protective factor against cavities promoted by this specific biofilm. Among the treatments available, abrasive techniques are the most used, but they do not solve the recurrence problems, common to the affected patients, being the current challenge to be overcome by new methodologies that may be developed.