Hypersensitivity to drugs: a study on allergic reactions to β-lactams

Abstract

Objective: To evaluate through scientific studies the occurrence of hypersensitivity reactions to antibiotics. Methods: This is a literature review study. Articles were selected that address the mechanisms involved in hypersensitivity reactions to antibiotics, studies carried out from 2016 to 2021, complete and open access articles and disregarding cases of duplicity, articles carried out after the date identified above and that there is incomplete material. Results: β-lactam constitute the first class of derivatives of natural products used in the therapeutic treatment of bacterial infections. They have a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, clinical efficacy and an excellent safety profile, due to the action on the transpeptidase enzyme, unique in bacteria. Drug hypersensitivity reactions affect over 7% of the general public, indicating a severe public health problem. Final considerations: The class of penicillins represents 75.8% of patients with a history of hypersensitivity to the drug, while the β-lactamgroup represents, in total, about 83.9% of the picture of allergic reactions. The diagnosis of drug hypersensitivity reactions requires a careful approach, recommending the appropriate choice of drugs for hypersensitive individuals.