Keywords
Hyperprolactinemia
Digestive system
Melatonin
Therapeutics
How to Cite
Copyright © | All rights reserved.
The journal holds the exclusive copyright for the publication of this article under the terms of Brazilian law 9610/98.
Partial reproduction
The use of parts of the texts, figures and questionnaire of the article is free, being mandatory the citation of the authors and journal.
Total reproduction
It is expressly prohibited and must be authorized by the journal.
Abstract
Objective: To describe the effects of hyperprolactinemia on the digestive system and the therapeutic actions of the hormone melatonin in the body. Literature review: Hyperprolactinemia is a condition resulting from increased serum levels of prolactin, a hormone synthesized and secreted mainly by the lactotrophs of the anterior pituitary gland. In the literature, the effects of hyperprolactinemia on the genital systems are already well described. However, there are few studies that report the effects of this condition on other systems of the human body. Melatonin is a versatile hormone that has several protective effects on the body, the most elucidated of which are related to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-costatic potential. Final considerations: Therefore, it is expected, from this literature review, that new studies will be carried out aimed at investigating the probable negative effects of hyperprolactinemia on the body's multiple systems, since some themes relating to this condition are not yet completely understood and rely on relatively old studies. Furthermore, it is expected that research will be carried out to verify the possible protective activity of the hormone melatonin against the condition of hyperprolactinemia in the digestive system and other systems of the body. Research with strong and current levels of evidence is essential to improve individuals' life expectancy and quality.
References
ACUÑA-CASTROVIEJO D, et al. Extrapineal Melatonin: sources, regulation, and potential functions. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, 2014; 71(16): 2997-3025.
AKINCI A, et al. Melatonin is more effective than ascorbic acid and β-carotene in improvement of gastric mucosal damage induced by intensive stress. Archives of Medical Science, 2015; 11(5): 1129-36.
BERINDER K, et al. Cancer risk in hyperprolactinemia patients: a population-based cohort study. European Journal of Endocrinology, 2011; 165(2): 209-215.
BRASIL. Protocolo clínico e diretrizes terapêuticas da hiperprolactinemia. 2020. Disponível em: https://www.gov.br/saude/pt-br/assuntos/protocolos-clinicos-e-diretrizes-terapeuticas-pcdt/arquivos/2020/20201201_portaria_conjunta_pcdt_hiperprolactinemia.pdf. Acessado em: 14 de julho de 2023.
BUGGE K, et al. Uma combinação computacional e modelo estrutural do receptor de prolactina humano de comprimento total. Nat Comum, 2016; 7: 11578.
CAPOZZI A, et al. Hyperprolactinemia: pathophysiology and therapeutic approach. Gynecological Endocrinology, 2015; 31(7): 506-510.
CIPOLLA-NETO J e AMARAL FG. Melatonin as a Hormone: New Physiological and Clinical Insights. Endocrine Reviews, 2018; 39(6): 990-1028.
CORONA G, et al. Hypoprolactinemia: a new clinical syndrome in patients with sexual dysfunction. Journal of Sexual Medicine, 2009; 6(5): 1457-1466.
COSTA MAS, et al. Efeito protetor da melatonina sob a histopatologia do fígado de ratos tratados com melatonina e induzidos a hiperprolactinemia. Realize Editora, 2019.
FAVERO G, et al. Melatonin as an Anti-Inflammatory Agent Modulating Inflammasome Activation. International Journal of Endocrinology, 2017; 2017(2017): 1-13.
FILGUEIRAS MQ. Glândula Pineal: revisão da anatomia e correlações entre os marca-passos e fotoperíodos na sincronização dos ritmos circadianos. HU Revista, 2006; 32(2): 47-50.
HISSA MN, et al. Melatonin and pineal gland. Rev Elect Pesq Méd, 2008; 4(2): 1-10.
IGNACAK A, et al. Prolactina – não apenas lactotrofina. Uma ''nova'' visão do ''velho'' hormônio. J Physiol Pharmacol, 2012; 63(5): 435– 43.
JOCKERS CR, et al. Update on melatonin receptors : IUPHAR Tables of Links. British Journal of Pharmacology, 2016.
KARBOWNIK M, REITER RJ. Antioxidative effects of melatonin in protection against cellular damage caused by ionizing radiation. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med, 2000; 1(225): 9-22.
KORKMAZ A, et al. Hyperglycemia-related pathophysiologic mechanisms and potential beneficial actions of melatonin. Mini Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry, 2008; 8(11): 1144-1153.
LEE JH, et al. Melatonin and 5-fluorouracil co-suppress colon cancer stem cells by regulating cellular prion protein-Oct4 axis. Journal of Pineal Research, 2018; 65(4): e12519.
LIN R, et al. Role of melatonin in intestinal mucosal injury induced by restraint stress in mice. Pharmaceutical Biology, 2020; 58(1): 342-351.
MAH PM, et al. Hyperprolactinemia: etiology, diagnosis, and management. Seminars in Reproductive Medicine, 2002; 20(4): 365-374.
MANCINI T, et al. Hyperprolactinemia and prolactinomas. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am, 2008; 37(1): 67–99.
MARKUS RP, et al. Glândula pineal e melatonina. Em: EDUSP (Ed.). Cronobiologia: Princípios e Aplicações. São Paulo: [s.n.], 2003.
MULLER E, DOWLING RH. Prolactin and the small intestine. Effect of hyperprolactinemia on mucosal structure in the rat. GUT, 1981; 22(7): 558-565.
NETO JAS, CASTRO BF. Melatonina, ritmos biológicos e sono - uma revisão da literatura. Revista Brasileira de Neurologia, 2008; 44(1): 5-11.
NETO JBM. Manejo da hiperprolactinemia: revisão literária. Revista Interdisciplinar em Gestão, Tecnologia e Saúde, 2018; 1(1): 52-66.
NISHIDA S. Metabolic effects of melatonin on oxidative stress and diabetes mellitus. Endocrine, 2005; 27(2): 131-136.
PEDROSA AMC, et al. Melatonin protects cd4+ t cells from activation-induced cell death by blocking nfat-mediated cd95 ligand upregulation. Journal of Immunology, 2010; 184(7): 3487-3494.
PERES MFP. Melatonina e doenças neurológicas. Periódico de Educação continuada em Saúde do Hospital Albert Einstein, 2004; 2(3): 217-219.
PEUSKENS J, et al. The effects of novel and newly approved antipsychotics on serum prolactin levels: a comprehensive review. CNS Drugs, 2014; 28(5): 421-453.
RAO VSN, et al. Effects of nitric oxide synthase inhibitors and melatonin on the hyperglycemic response to streptozotocin in rats. Vascular Pharmacology, 2002; 38(3): 127-130.
REITER RJ, et al. Melatonin and its relation to the immune system and inflammation. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 2000; 917(1): 376-386.
ROMIJIN JA. Hyperprolactinemia and prolactinoma. v. 124. 1st ed. Elsevier B.V., 2014.
SANGSOPHA J, et al. Dietary sources of melatonin and benefits from production of high melatonin pasteurized milk. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 2020; 57(6): 2026-2037.
SERAPHIM PM, et al. A Glândula Pineal e o metabolismo de Carboidratos. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab, 2000; 4(44): 331-338.
SERETIS C, et al. Constipation-Predominant Irritable Bowel Syndrome Associated to Hyperprolactinemia. Case Reports in Gastroenterology, 2011; 5(3): 523-527.
SIAH KTH, et al. Melatonin for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 2014; 20(10): 2492-2498.
SILVA NS. Tumores do sistema nervoso central. Pediatria Moderna, 1999; 35(8): 635-39.
TORRES FF, et al. Melatonina: muito além do sono. Aprendendo Ciência, 2021; 10(1): 53-57.
VILAR L, et al. Pitfalls in the diagnostic evaluation of hyperprolactinemia. Neuroendocrinology, 2019; 109(1): 7-19.
WONG A, et al. Update on prolactinomas. Part 1: clinical manifestations and diagnostic challenges. J Clin Neurosci, 2015; 22(10): 1562-1567.
ZHANG HM, ZHANG Y. Melatonin: a well-documented antioxidant with conditional pro-oxidant actions. Journal of Pineal Research, 2014; 57(2): 131-146.