Keywords
filamentous fungi
aflatoxins
MALDI-TOF
How to Cite
Copyright © | All rights reserved.
The journal holds the exclusive copyright for the publication of this article under the terms of Brazilian law 9610/98.
Partial reproduction
The use of parts of the texts, figures and questionnaire of the article is free, being mandatory the citation of the authors and journal.
Total reproduction
It is expressly prohibited and must be authorized by the journal.
Abstract
Objective: Identify and quantify fungi and aflatoxins in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L). Methods: A total of 24 samples were analyzed, including: 14 raw bulk samples, 05 industrialized samples, and 05 roasted samples acquired from markets in the city of São Luís - MA. The moisture content was determined according to the "Analytical Standards of the Adolfo Lutz Institute," and mold quantification was performed using the horizontal method. Strain identification was conducted using the MALDI-TOF system, and aflatoxins were measured by LC MS/MS. Results: Moisture values ranged from 3.1% to 8.1%, which are adequate for controlling fungal contaminants. Of the mold counts, only 15 samples (62.5%) were considered satisfactory and adequate, while 09 samples (37.5%) were unsatisfactory and inadequate. Aspergillus flavus was the most prevalent, found in 17 samples (39.5%), followed by Aspergillus montevidensis and Aspergillus niger in 10 samples (23.2%); Aspergillus minisclerotigenes in 03 samples (6.9%); Aspergillus parasiticus, Purpureocillium lilacinum, and Rhizopus sexualis in 01 sample each (6.9%). Regarding aflatoxins, 09 samples (37.5%) showed detectable levels, ranging from 1 to 82.3 µg/Kg, indicating that aflatoxins do not pose a danger for occasional consumption; however, other mycotoxins may be produced by these fungal species. Conclusion: News studies are necessary to monitor Aspergillus in food give the impacts of climate change on this genus.
References
ADETUNJI MC, et al. Phylogenetic diversity and prevalence of mycoflora in ready-to-eat supermarket and roadside-vended peanuts. Mycologia, 2021; 113(1): 1–11.
AKINOLA EA, et al. Behaviour of Aspergillus parasiticus in aflatoxin production as influenced by storage parameters using response surface methodology approach. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 2021; 357: 109369.
ARAUJO IMS, et al. Características físico-químicas de sementes de diferentes genótipos de amendoim. Revista Brasileira de Biociencias, 2007; 5(S1): 870–872.
BETTIOL W e MEDEIROS FH V. Como o Brasil se tornou o maior produtor e consumidor de produtos de biocontrole. 2023. EMBRAPA. BR. Disponível em: https://www.embrapa.br/busca-de-noticias/-/noticia/79156418/artigo-como-o-brasil-se-tornou-o-maior-produtor-e-consumidor-de-produtos-de-biocontrole. Acessado em: 16 de setembro de 2023.
BRASIL. Ministério da Saúde. RESOLUÇÃO DA DIRETORIA COLEGIADA RDC No 138 DE 08 DE FEVEREIRO DE 2017.
BRASIL. MINISTÉRIO DA SAÚDE. Dispõe sobre limites máximos tolerados (LMT) para micotoxinas em alimentos. 2011. Disponível em: https://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/saudelegis/anvisa/2011/res0007_18_02_2011_rep.html. Acessado em: 17 de março de 2023.
CARVALHO PER. Espécies arbóreas brasileiras. 2014; 1: 77.
CHOI Y, et al. Performance Evaluation of Bruker Biotyper, ASTA MicroIDSys, and VITEK-MS and Three Extraction Methods for Filamentous Fungal Identification in Clinical Laboratories. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 2022; 60(11): e00812-22.
DA SILVA FC, et al. Taxonomiapolifásica para identificação de aspergillus seção flavi: uma revisão. Revista Ifes Ciência, 2015; 1(1): 18–40.
FLORIANO RF, et al. Effect of storage on the quality of peanut grain oil. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 2023; 124: 105688.
FRISVAD JC, et al. Taxonomy of Aspergillus section Flavi and their production of aflatoxins, ochratoxins and other mycotoxins. Studies Mycology, Taxonomy of Industrially Important Fungi, 2019; 93: 1–63.
GONÇALEZ E, et al. Produção de aflatoxinas e ácido ciclopiazônico por cepas de Aspergillus flavus isoladas de amendoim. Arquivos do Instituto Biológico, 2013; 80(3): 312–317.
IAL. Métodos Físico-Químicos para Análise de Alimentos. 1a, 2008 (Digital). Disponível em: analisedealimentosial_2008.pdf. Acessado em: 6 de abril de 2022.
IAMANAKA BT, et al. Micotoxinas em alimentos. Academia Pernambucana de Ciência Agronômica. 2010; 7: 138–161.
ISAAC GS, et al. Efficacy of Purpureocillium lilacinum AUMC 10149 as biocontrol agent against root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita infecting tomato plant. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 2021; 84: e253451.
JORNALISMO-ANALYTICA. A cromatografia líquida acoplada à espectrometria de massas em Tandem HPLC-MS/MS. 2020. Revista Analytica. 2023.
KATSIARI M, et al. Possible COVID-19-Associated Pulmonary Aspergillosis Due to Aspergillus niger in Greece. Antibiotics, 2022; 11(3): 300.
KHAN M e TANAKA K. Purpureocillium lilacinum for plant growth promotion and biocontrol against root-knot nematodes infecting eggplant. PLOS ONE, 2023; 18(3): e0283550.
MAIA BBF. Implementação dos métodos de deteção de cronobacter spp. E enumeração de fungos em géneros alimentícios no laboratório microchem. 2022.
MENEELY JP, et al. The Challenge of Global Aflatoxins Legislation with a Focus on Peanuts and Peanut Products: A Systematic Review. Exposure and Health, 2023; 15(2): 467–487.
MOREIRA FM, et al. Identificação de fungosfilamentosos em indústrias farmacêuticas: uma revisão integrativa da literatura. Revista Científica do UBM, 2021; 124–144.
MURRAY PR, et al. MicrobiologiaMédica. 6aed. Rio de Janeiro: Elsevier, 2009; 224p.
NIKOLIĆ M, et al. Toxigenic Species Aspergillus parasiticus Originating from Maize Kernels Grown in Serbia. Toxins, 2021; 13(12): 847.
NORLIA M, et al. Molecular Characterisation of Aflatoxigenic and Non-Aflatoxigenic Strains of Aspergillus Section Flavi Isolated from Imported Peanuts along the Supply Chain in Malaysia. Toxins, 2019; 11(9): 501.
OKUN DO, et al. Distribution of indigenous strains of atoxigenic and toxigenic Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus in maize and peanuts agro-ecological zones of Kenya. Agriculture & Food Security, 2015; 4(1): 14.
ORGANIZAÇÃO MUNDIAL DE SAÚDE (OMS). Mycotoxins. 2018. Disponível em: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mycotoxins. Acessado em: 26 de agosto de 2023.
ROCHA MP, et al. Sistema de armazenamento e incidência dos principais fungos produtores de micotoxinas em grãos. Brazilian Journal of Development, 2020; 6(7): 50176–50193.
SAATH R, et al. Gestão da qualidade na pós-colheita do amendoim como ferramenta à competitividade. Revista em Agronegócio e MeioAmbiente, 2021; 14(1): e007927.
SAITA AC e PANDOLFI MAC. Efeitos da aflatoxina na comercialização do amendoim. 2019; 11.
SCHAMANN A, et al. Whole-Genome Sequences of Two Kenyan Aspergillus minisclerotigenes Strains. Microbiology Resource Announcements. 2023; 12(8): e00219-23.
ZHOU LW e MAY TW. Fungal taxonomy: current status and research agendas for the interdisciplinary and globalisation era. Mycology, 2023; 14(1): 52–59.
ZINGALES V, et al. Climate Change and Effects on Molds and Mycotoxins. Toxins, 2022; 14(7): 445.