Abstract
Objective: accomplish a literature review that cover the main contents about Yellow Fever Virus (YFV) infection, historical and epidemiological data, virology, transmission, clinical aspects, diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis, as well as, associate these contents with advances and setbacks control of the disease in Brazil. Methodology: The study was based on original articles from National Center for Biotechnology (NCBI Pubmed) and Scientific Eletronic Library Online (SCIELO), between 1928-2016 and, the government platforms BRAZIL, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and World Health Organization (WHO) between 2010-2019. Results: the human yellow fever (YF) episodes in Brazil, particularly after 1942, resulted from sylvatic cycle, they suggest a direct connection with degradation and tragedies in the environment. The YF episodes, associated with the return of the urban vector and failures in national immunization coverage, imply a threat of disease re-urbanization. Final considerations: Considering the yellow fever importance for public health in Brazil, the implementation of integrated actions, immediate and long term, is necessary. Immediate, by expanding national free vaccine coverage, in appropriate numbers to prevent outbreaks; in long term, through public policies executions, directed to environmental preservation and urban vector control.