Keywords
Long COVID
Parkinson's disease
Motor symptoms.
How to Cite
Copyright © | All rights reserved.
The journal holds the exclusive copyright for the publication of this article under the terms of Brazilian law 9610/98.
Partial reproduction
The use of parts of the texts, figures and questionnaire of the article is free, being mandatory the citation of the authors and journal.
Total reproduction
It is expressly prohibited and must be authorized by the journal.
Abstract
Objective: To report and scientifically support two cases of Parkinson's disease during long COVID treated in a post-COVID conditions outpatient clinic. Case details: Case 1: Woman, 41 years old, who after 2 years of mild COVID-19, was diagnosed with persistent extrapyramidal symptoms such as bradykinesia and tremors of the extremities at rest. Case 2: A 58-year-old man, hypertensive, diabetic, with a history of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) due to COVID-19, who after 1 year was diagnosed with bradykinesia, rigidity, resting tremors and periods of freezing. Both cases had a diagnosis confirmed by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay using a nasopharyngeal swab, cranial magnetic resonance imaging, and substantial improvement in symptoms with dopaminergic therapy. Final considerations: Long COVID is a condition with a wide spectrum of persistent manifestations related to COVID-19 infection, including neuropsychiatric ones. We present two cases of patients with a probable diagnosis of Parkinson's disease developed after COVID-19 infection. There are few reports in the literature. It is important to scientifically disseminate such findings for early diagnosis and management.
References
BARDAKCI MI, et al. Evaluation of long‐term radiological findings, pulmonary functions, and health‐related quality of life in survivors of severe COVID‐19. J Med Virol, 2021; 93(9): 5574–81.
BLOEM BR, et al. Parkinson's disease. Lancet, 2021; 397(10291): 2284-2303.
BOTTEMANNE H, et al. Do Anxiety and Depression Predict Persistent Physical Symptoms After a Severe COVID-19 Episode? A Prospective Study. Front Psychiatry, 2021; 12: 757685.
BOURA I, CHAUDHURI KR. Coronavirus Disease 2019 and Related Parkinsonism: The Clinical Evidence Thus Far. Mov Disord Clin Pract., 2022; 9(5): 584-593.
BOURA I, et al. SARS-CoV-2 and Parkinson's Disease: A Review of Where We Are Now. Biomedicines, 2023; 11(9): 2524.
DAVIS HE, et al. Long COVID: major findings, mechanisms and recommendations. Nat Rev Microbiol, 2023; 21(3): 133-146.
EFSTATHIOU V, et al. Long COVID and neuropsychiatric manifestations (Review). Exp Ther Med, 2022; 23(5): 363.
FUNG WKW, et al. Movement Disorders and SARS-CoV-2. Mov Disord Clin Pract, 2022; 10(Suppl 2): S9-S17.
GOERTTLER T, et al. SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 and Parkinson's Disease-Many Issues Need to Be Clarified-A Critical Review. Brain Sci, 2022; 12(4): 456.
GRACH SL, et al. Diagnosis and Management of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Mayo Clin Proc, 2023; 98(10): 1544–51.
GREENHALGH T, et al. Management of post-acute covid-19 in primary care. BMJ, 2020; m3026.
HINGORANI KS, et al. COVID-19 and the brain. Trends Cardiovasc Med, 2022; 32(6): 323-330.
HUANG L, et al. 1-year outcomes in hospital survivors with COVID-19: a longitudinal cohort study. The Lancet, 2021; 398(10302): 747–58
IDA FS, et al. Post-COVID-19 syndrome: persistent symptoms, functional impact, quality of life, return to work, and indirect costs - a prospective case study 12 months after COVID-19 infection. Cad Saúde Pública, 2024; 40(2): e00022623.
KOMAROFF AL, LIPKIN WI. ME/CFS and Long COVID share similar symptoms and biological abnormalities: road map to the literature. Front Med (Lausanne), 2023; 10: 1187163.
KOHN ER, et al. A post-pandemic snapshot of the magnitude of COVID-19 in Brazil: A countrywide study. Braz J Infect Dis, 2025; 29(1): 104496.
LETA V, et al. Covid-19 and Parkinson's disease: Acute clinical implications, long-COVID and post-COVID-19 parkinsonism. Int Rev Neurobiol. 2022; 165: 63-89.
MAZZA MG, et al. One-year mental health outcomes in a cohort of COVID-19 survivors. J Psychiatr Res, 2022; 145: 118–24.
MAZZA MG, et al. Post-COVID-19 Depressive Symptoms: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Pharmacological Treatment. CNS Drugs, 2022; 36(7): 681–702.
MUKAETOVA-LADINSKA EB et.al. COVID-19 and neurocognitive disorders. Curr Opin Psychiatry, 2021; 34(2): 149–56.
POLVERINO P, et al. Post-COVID parkinsonism: A scoping review. Parkinsonism Relat Disord, 2024; 123: 106066.
POSTUMA RB, et al. MDS clinical diagnostic criteria for Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord, 2015; 30(12):1591-601.
YONG SJ. Long COVID or post-COVID-19 syndrome: putative pathophysiology, risk factors, and treatments. Infect Dis (Lond), 2021; 53(10): 737-754.