Keywords
Dolor de Espalda
Hernia Discal
Radiculopatía
Dolor lumbar
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Abstract
Objective: To describe intervertebral disc herniation, addressing its definition, epidemiology, etiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and current therapeutic approaches, with an emphasis on clinical and surgical innovations. Literature review: This review covers the pathophysiology of disc herniation, the most prevalent risk factors such as disc degeneration, mechanical overload, and lifestyle habits, as well as neurological clinical presentations and their evaluation methods. Magnetic resonance imaging is highlighted as the examination of choice. Conservative treatment shows high success rates, while surgical approaches, especially minimally invasive ones, are indicated in refractory cases. Emerging techniques such as endoscopic surgery and regenerative therapies are also addressed. Final considerations: Intervertebral disc herniation requires a multidimensional approach based on updated evidence, focusing on clinical stratification and individualized management. The incorporation of minimally invasive techniques and the growing research into regenerative therapies represent promising advances, although they still require long-term validation.
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