Tissue engineering and 3D bioprinting in auricular reconstruction

Abstract

Objective: To review the use of tissue engineering and three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting in ear reconstruction as an alternative for maxillofacial rehabilitation. Methods: This is a descriptive study conducted through an integrative literature review. A search was performed in the PubMed and Embase databases using the descriptors “Bioprinting,” “Ear,” and “Cartilage,” combined with the Boolean operator “AND.” Applying a filter for the last five years, 28 articles in English were identified. After title and abstract screening, 21 studies were excluded for not meeting the eligibility criteria, such as review articles, in vitro studies, or studies unrelated to the topic. Therefore, 7 in vivo laboratory studies were included. Results: Tissue engineering associated with 3D bioprinting demonstrated potential for auricular reconstruction in patients with maxillofacial defects. Different biomaterials were used, including hydrogels combined with polyglycolic acid meshes containing chondrocytes, bacterial nanocellulose, and polycaprolactone. These materials showed good biomechanical properties, promoting cell proliferation and in vivo cartilage regeneration. Final considerations: 3D bioprinting enables the creation of personalized structures that reproduce the anatomy of the human ear, ensuring biocompatibility and satisfactory aesthetic outcomes. The association of biomaterials with hydrogels appears promising for future clinical applications in external ear reconstruction.