Keywords
Epigenetics
Fetal development
Neurodevelopment
Mental health
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Abstract
Objective: To understand how maternal stress during pregnancy influences epigenetic modifications in the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis and its repercussions on the psychological development of the offspring. Methods: This is an integrative literature review conducted according to PRISMA guidelines and the PICO strategy. Searches were performed in the PubMed and CAPES Journal Portal databases using open-access filters and articles published within the last 10 years. Clinical trials and observational studies analyzing fetal gene methylation associated with maternal gestational stress and its psychological outcomes in the mother-infant dyad were included. Results: Gestational stress was associated with epigenetic alterations in genes related to the HPA axis, especially NR3C1 and HSD11B2, impairing placental fetal protection mechanisms and promoting greater exposure to maternal cortisol. As a consequence, offspring showed a predisposition to hormonal hyperreactivity, working memory deficits, cognitive vulnerability, and behavioral changes, varying according to the gestational window of exposure and fetal biological sex. Final considerations: Maternal stress during pregnancy promotes epigenetic alterations capable of negatively impacting fetal neurodevelopment, highlighting the need for multidisciplinary strategies aimed at reducing gestational stress and promoting maternal and child mental health.
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