Abstract
Introduction: Nosocomial Infections are important issues of Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU), where environmental and intrinsic factors of the newborn contribute to the incidence of the infection. When this infection is caused by Gram negative bacilli, the clinical condition of the newborn becomes even more serious, taking into consideration the greater antibiotic resistance acquired by this pathogens. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the incidence of nosocomial infection by multiresistant Gram negative bacilli; to describe the identified microorganisms in laboratorial cultures and evaluate the profile of antimicrobial resistance. Methods: A retrospective, case-control study was conducted based on the informations collected by medical records of 804 neonates who where admitted to the NICU of a tertiary hospital between January, 2010 and December, 2012. Results: The main risk factors to nosocomial infections were: birth weight between 750g and 1500g and more than 2500g, gestational age between 26 and 30 weeks, more than 8 days of hospitalization, use of central venous catheters, mechanical ventilation and parenteral nutrition. The bloodstream infection with laboratorial confirmation was the most frequent nosocomial infection, and among the Gram negative pathogen, Klebsiella pneumonia. Conclusion: The study reached the aim and showed the importance of surveillance, prevention and control of nosocomial infections in NICU, reducing the occurrence of health problems in high-risks newborns, contributing to the reduction of morbidity and mortality, and promoting the improvement of quality care in the neonatal period.