Resumen
Objetivo: Describir la fisiopatología del asma correlacionándola con los nuevos enfoques terapéuticos. Revisión bibliográfica: El asma es una enfermedad inflamatoria crónica de carácter heterogéneo cuya manifestación se relaciona no solo con cuadros atópicos, sino también con factores como infecciones de las vías respiratorias, envejecimiento y sobrepeso. A pesar de la existencia de diferentes mecanismos fisiopatológicos alérgicos y no alérgicos, los síntomas del asma comúnmente se manifiestan en forma de disnea, sibilancias y tos. La inflamación crónica de las vías respiratorias está mediada por células y moléculas proinflamatorias de la inmunidad innata y componentes de la inmunidad adaptativa, como los linfocitos T CD3+CD4+ (Th1, Th2, Th17). El diagnóstico se realiza mediante correlación clínica con pruebas de evaluación de la función pulmonar. El tratamiento convencional del asma se basa en el uso de broncodilatadores y corticoides inhalados. Sin embargo, hay un grupo de pacientes asmáticos cuyas exacerbaciones de la enfermedad no están controladas por dichos medicamentos. Para estos pacientes, es necesario introducir una terapia individualizada, evaluando la endotipificación y el uso de terapias biológicas e inmunoterapia. Consideraciones finales: La fisiopatología del asma está relacionada con la activación del sistema inmunológico, por lo tanto, comprender sus endotipos y establecer un tratamiento basado en el conocimiento de los mecanismos inmunopatológicos son esenciales para ofrecer una gestión eficaz.
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