Resumen
Objetivo: Evaluar el potencial de estrategias nutricionales como los probióticos y los prebióticos en la modulación positiva del microbioma intestinal de recién nacidos y lactantes, con vistas a promover la salud infantil. Revisión bibliográfica: Los probióticos reducen las citoquinas proinflamatorias y aumentan las antiinflamatorias, influyendo en la diferenciación de los linfocitos T. Las combinaciones de Lactobacillus y Bifidobacterium reducen la mortalidad y la enterocolitis necrotizante en prematuros. Ayudan a restaurar los filos beneficiosos después de los antibióticos. Promueven el equilibrio microecológico inicial y mejoran la barrera intestinal, reduciendo la permeabilidad y la respuesta alérgica. Pueden reducir los días con infecciones respiratorias y fiebre, así como los episodios de regurgitación. Los prebióticos estimulan selectivamente el crecimiento de las bifidobacterias, que producen metabolitos antiinflamatorios. Reducen el pH fecal, haciendo que el entorno sea menos favorable para los patógenos. Promueven el crecimiento de las bifidobacterias en los recién nacidos por cesárea. Estimulan la producción de ácidos grasos de cadena corta, con efectos sobre el control glucémico, el peso y la saciedad. La composición de la microbiota de los bebés alimentados con leche artificial es más parecida a la de los bebés amamantados. Consideraciones finales: Se concluye que los probióticos y los prebióticos modulan positivamente el microbioma intestinal, promoviendo bacterias beneficiosas y acciones antiinflamatorias. Esto puede tener implicaciones positivas para el desarrollo del sistema inmunitario infantil y la promoción de la salud.
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