Palabras clave
Menopausia
Neoplasias mamárias y climatérico
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Resumen
Objetivo: Determinar los factores de riesgo asociados con la aparición de cáncer de mama (CM) en mujeres que realizan terapia hormonal en el climaterio (TRH). Métodos: Revisión integrativa de la literatura científica realizada mediante búsqueda sistemática en las bases de datos LILACS y PUBMED entre los años 2018 y 2023. Se encontraron 15 artículos para la investigación. Resultados: El uso de TRH está asociado con un aumento en la incidencia de CM, siendo estos riesgos agravados por factores relacionados con la administración de hormonas y riesgos individuales. La incidencia aumenta cuanto mayor es la duración del reemplazo y proporcionalmente con la edad de inicio. El uso de estrógenos vaginales tiene el menor riesgo entre las opciones, mientras que el uso de estrógeno aislado por vía transdérmica o oral presenta una menor incidencia de CM que el uso por la misma vía de las formulaciones combinadas de estrógeno y progesterona, principalmente progestágenos sintéticos. Asimismo, el aumento de peso en la posmenopausia está más asociado con el riesgo de CM. Consideraciones finales: Todos los tipos de TRH, excepto los estrógenos vaginales, están asociados con una mayor incidencia de cáncer de mama, especialmente la combinación de estrógeno y progestágeno, particularmente en mujeres delgadas. La evaluación individual de riesgo-beneficio es esencial antes de prescribir TRH para síntomas climatéricos.
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