Resumen
Objetivo: Identificar las divergencias entre las alteraciones cardíacas fisiológicas y patológicas derivadas de la práctica de ejercicios físicos de alta intensidad realizados por atletas. Métodos: Se llevó a cabo una revisión sistemática utilizando análisis observacionales que investigan las alteraciones cardíacas en atletas, mediante la búsqueda en las bases de datos de la Biblioteca Virtual de Salud (BVS), Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO) y National Library of Medicine (PubMed). Resultados: Se seleccionaron 10 artículos científicos, que incluyeron a atletas sanos, atletas con cardiopatías, individuos no atletas sanos y no atletas con cardiopatías, los cuales estudiaron la diferenciación del corazón del atleta en relación con enfermedades cardíacas estructurales. Al evaluar la calidad metodológica utilizando la escala ROBINS-E, los artículos seleccionados presentaron un riesgo bajo o moderado. Consideraciones finales: Esta revisión identificó que la Miocardiopatía Hipertrófica (CMH) es una de las principales causas de muerte súbita cardíaca entre atletas, dificultando la distinción entre adaptaciones normales y patologías cardíacas. La resonancia magnética cardíaca (RMC) es fundamental para superar estas limitaciones y evaluar las adaptaciones según el tipo de ejercicio. El análisis de la deformación del miocardio y el volumen telediastólico ayuda a diferenciar las condiciones patológicas del "corazón de atleta".
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