Palabras clave
Inflamación sistémica
Obesidad
Resistencia a la insulina
Endotoxemia
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Resumen
Objetivo: Describir el papel de la microbiota intestinal en el mantenimiento de la inflamación sistémica de bajo grado y su relación con la obesidad y el metabolismo energético. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión integrativa utilizando bases de datos como PubMed, considerando estudios publicados entre 2014 y 2023. Se incluyeron artículos sobre resistencia a la insulina, inflamación crónica, microbiota intestinal y obesidad, resultando en el análisis de 34 estudios. Resultados: El análisis indicó que las dietas hipercalóricas están asociadas con disbiosis intestinal, aumento de marcadores inflamatorios y endotoxemia, lo que contribuye al desarrollo de obesidad y resistencia a la insulina. La microbiota, al interactuar con la dieta, desempeña un papel crítico en la regulación del metabolismo energético y de la inflamación sistémica de bajo grado. Las alteraciones en la composición bacteriana, caracterizadas por un aumento de Firmicutes y una disminución de Bacteroidetes, están relacionadas con una mayor permeabilidad intestinal y translocación de lipopolisacáridos (LPS) a la circulación, lo que desencadena inflamación crónica. Faecalibacterium prausnitzii tiene un papel protector, produciendo metabolitos antiinflamatorios que mejoran la integridad de la barrera intestinal y reducen la inflamación sistémica. Consideraciones finales: La disbiosis intestinal inducida por dietas inadecuadas puede desencadenar inflamación crónica y contribuir significativamente a la obesidad, reforzando la necesidad de intervenciones dietéticas para promover la salud metabólica.
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