Resumen
Objetivo: Investigar la relación entre la hipertensión arterial sistémica (HAS) y el deterioro cognitivo en los ancianos, analizando los efectos de la hipoperfusión cerebral en la neurodegeneración y los impactos de diferentes enfoques terapéuticos en la función cognitiva. Revisión bibliográfica: La HAS es un factor de riesgo relevante para las enfermedades cardiovasculares y neurodegenerativas, pudiendo contribuir a la disfunción neurovascular y a una mayor incidencia de demencia vascular y la enfermedad de Alzheimer. La hipoperfusión cerebral crónica puede favorecer la formación de placas amiloides y enredos neurofibrilares. Aunque las evidencias sugieren que la reducción de la presión arterial puede mitigar el riesgo de deterioro cognitivo, estudios indican un "paradoja cardiovascular", donde la presión arterial elevada podría tener un efecto protector contra el deterioro cognitivo en los ancianos. La adherencia al tratamiento, la edad y la duración de la HAS influyen en los resultados cognitivos. La gestión de la HAS debe incluir monitoreo neurocognitivo, intervenciones farmacológicas y cambios en el estilo de vida. Consideraciones finales: La HAS tiene un impacto significativo en la cognición de los ancianos, pudiendo contribuir a enfermedades neurodegenerativas. Se necesitan estudios longitudinales para esclarecer la relación entre el control de la presión arterial y la función cognitiva, con el fin de guiar mejores estrategias intervencionistas.
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