Resumen
Objetivo: Identificar las implicaciones inmunológicas del huésped causadas por el uso de la terapia larval (TL) en el tratamiento de heridas crónicas, además de desentrañar su potencial antimicrobiano. Métodos: La investigación es una Revisión Integrativa, con una búsqueda en las bases de datos LILACS, BDENF y MEDLINE, utilizando los siguientes descriptores: Terapia de Desbridamiento Larval; Inmunidad; Heridas y Lesiones, en inglés y portugués, ya sean revisiones o experimentos in vitro o in vivo. Resultados: Se incluyeron 16 artículos. Los artículos demuestran una amplia acción inmunomoduladora de TL a favor de la angiogénesis, la reparación tisular y la resolución inflamatoria, destacando acciones de reducción de la actividad de los neutrófilos; aumento en la diferenciación de macrófagos M2 y linfocitos Treg; desactivación del sistema del complemento, entre otros. En cuanto al potencial antimicrobiano, las larvas secretan sustancias (quimotripcinas, lusifensinas, glicosilatos) capaces de combatir biopelículas y bacterias, especialmente bacterias Gram-positivas. Consideraciones finales: Los estudios analizados demuestran que la TL es un proceso complejo, y existe la necesidad de dilucidar con mayor precisión las moléculas bioactivas y sus mecanismos de acción, para comprender y ampliar el uso terapéutico.
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