Resumen
Objetivo: Evaluar la evidencia científica sobre el uso de agonistas del receptor de GLP-1 (GLP-1RAs) en el manejo de la nefropatía diabética (ND), con énfasis en los mecanismos de acción, beneficios renales y cardiovasculares, seguridad y eficacia en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) y enfermedad renal crónica (ERC). Revisión bibliográfica: La ND es la principal causa de ERC, afecta al 20–40% de los individuos con DM2 y aumenta el riesgo de eventos cardiovasculares y progresión a enfermedad renal terminal. El diagnóstico precoz se basa en la presencia de albuminuria y la tasa de filtración glomerular estimada (TFGe). Los GLP-1RAs promueven nefroprotección mediante mecanismos como natriuresis, reducción de la albuminuria y modulación de la endotelina-1. Ensayos clínicos han demostrado una reducción en la progresión de la ERC y en los eventos cardiovasculares. Están indicados para pacientes con DM2 y ERC con TFGe >25 mL/min/1,73 m², y también ofrecen pérdida de peso y bajo riesgo de hipoglucemia. Los efectos adversos, principalmente gastrointestinales, son frecuentes pero manejables. Consideraciones finales: Los GLP-1RAs representan una innovación terapéutica en la ND, con eficacia y seguridad comprobadas en las directrices de la Sociedad Brasileña de Diabetes, la American Diabetes Association y la KDIGO. Apuntan a un manejo más eficaz e integrado, además de nuevas posibilidades para la investigación clínica.
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