Resumen
Objetivo: Investigar la relación entre los factores de riesgo, especialmente las comorbilidades, y la progresión de las infecciones del sitio quirúrgico en pacientes sometidos a cirugías ortopédicas en un hospital universitario de la región de Campos Gerais, Brasil. Métodos: Este estudio observacional, analítico y retrospectivo se basó en los registros médicos electrónicos de 116 pacientes con infecciones del sitio quirúrgico después de cirugías ortopédicas realizadas entre 2017 y 2020. Se evaluaron variables clínicas y quirúrgicas como comorbilidades, uso de implantes, duración de la estancia hospitalaria, edad, sexo, tipo de anestesia, potencial de contaminación y clasificación ASA. El análisis estadístico utilizó la prueba de chi-cuadrado, considerándose significativo un valor de p < 0,05. Resultados: La presencia de comorbilidades fue el único factor significativamente asociado con una peor progresión de las infecciones del sitio quirúrgico (p = 0,017), con una mayor incidencia de muerte o necesidad de tratamiento adicional. Otras variables, como sexo, edad, uso de implantes, duración de la estancia hospitalaria preoperatoria, anestesia, tipo de atención y clasificación ASA, no mostraron una asociación estadísticamente significativa. Conclusión: Concluimos que las comorbilidades fueron un factor decisivo en el empeoramiento de los resultados de las infecciones del sitio quirúrgico en cirugías ortopédicas y que la identificación temprana de estos pacientes puede orientar las medidas preventivas, reduciendo la morbilidad y la mortalidad relacionadas con las infecciones asociadas a la atención médica.
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