Resumen
Objetivo: Evaluar la efectividad de las prácticas espirituales para mejorar el bienestar y la calidad de vida de los pacientes en cuidados paliativos. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión integrativa de la literatura en las bases de datos PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane y EBSCO, que abarcó estudios publicados entre enero de 2018 y julio de 2024. Se incluyeron ensayos clínicos aleatorizados que investigaron el impacto de intervenciones espirituales —como la terapia de la dignidad, el asesoramiento espiritual, la atención plena, la musicoterapia, las entrevistas terapéuticas y la psicoterapia centrada en el sentido de la vida— en pacientes adultos en cuidados paliativos. Inicialmente se identificaron 33 739 artículos, de los cuales 13 cumplieron los criterios de elegibilidad y se incluyeron en el análisis. Resultados: La evidencia sugiere que las prácticas espirituales promueven mejoras significativas en el bienestar espiritual y emocional, reducen los niveles de ansiedad y fortalecen el sentido de dignidad, la resiliencia y la paz interior de los pacientes. A pesar de la heterogeneidad metodológica entre los estudios, se observó una convergencia respecto al papel esencial de la espiritualidad en el enfoque holístico y humanizado de los cuidados al final de la vida. Consideraciones finales: Se concluye que la integración de prácticas espirituales en los cuidados paliativos contribuye a promover la dignidad, el bienestar y la aceptación, favoreciendo una experiencia más serena, significativa y humanizada del proceso terminal.
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