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Ergonomía
Teléfono inteligente
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Resumen
Objetivo: Analizar las evidencias científicas sobre las repercusiones del uso excesivo de smartphones en el desarrollo de alteraciones posturales en adolescentes. Métodos: Se trata de una revisión integradora de la literatura, de abordaje cualitativo y carácter descriptivo, realizada en las bases de datos PubMed, SciELO, MEDLINE y Acervo+. Se utilizaron descriptores relacionados con adolescentes, uso de smartphones, alteraciones posturales, ergonomía y síntomas musculoesqueléticos, con un límite temporal entre 2021 y 2026. Tras la selección, 12 estudios compusieron la muestra final, con predominio de diseños transversales. Resultados: Los hallazgos evidenciaron una asociación consistente entre el uso prolongado y las alteraciones posturales, destacándose la anteriorización de la cabeza y el aumento de la sobrecarga biomecánica en la región cervical. Se observó relación directa con síntomas musculoesqueléticos, especialmente dolor cervical, influenciados por el tiempo excesivo de exposición, comportamiento sedentario y deficiencias ergonómicas. Además, factores psicosociales y conductuales potencian estos desenlaces. Consideraciones finales: El uso excesivo de smartphones se configura como un importante factor de riesgo para alteraciones posturales, reforzando la necesidad de estrategias preventivas, educación ergonómica y fomento de la actividad física. Como limitación, se destaca la heterogeneidad metodológica de los estudios analizados.
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