Resumen
Objetivo: Comprender cómo el estrés materno durante la gestación influye en modificaciones epigenéticas en el eje Hipotálamo-Hipófisis-Adrenal (HHA) y sus repercusiones en el desarrollo psicológico de la descendencia. Métodos: Se trata de una revisión integradora de la literatura, realizada según las directrices PRISMA y la estrategia PICO. Las búsquedas se llevaron a cabo en PubMed y Portal de Periódicos CAPES, utilizando filtros de acceso abierto y publicaciones de los últimos 10 años. Se incluyeron estudios que analizaron la metilación de genes fetales asociada al estrés materno gestacional y sus desenlaces psicológicos en el binomio madre-bebé. Resultados: El estrés gestacional se asoció con alteraciones epigenéticas en genes relacionados con el eje HHA, especialmente NR3C1 y HSD11B2, comprometiendo mecanismos placentarios de protección fetal y favoreciendo mayor exposición al cortisol materno. Como consecuencia, se observó predisposición de la descendencia a hiperreactividad hormonal, déficits cognitivos y alteraciones conductuales, variables según la ventana gestacional de exposición y el sexo biológico fetal. Consideraciones finales: El estrés materno durante la gestación promueve alteraciones epigenéticas con impacto negativo en el neurodesarrollo fetal, evidenciando la necesidad de estrategias multiprofesionales dirigidas a reducir el estrés gestacional y promover la salud mental materno-infantil.
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