Resumen
Objetivo: Identificar los factores clínicos y de laboratorio asociados con la mortalidad precoz en recién nacidos y lactantes con mielopoyesis anormal transitoria relacionada con el síndrome de Down. Revisión bibliográfica: La mayoría de los casos presenta regresión espontánea, pero algunos pacientes desarrollan compromiso hepático, cardiopulmonar e insuficiencia orgánica. La prematuridad, el bajo peso, la hiperleucocitosis, la ascitis, la hidropesía y las manifestaciones hemorrágicas se han asociado con evolución desfavorable en cohortes observacionales. El aumento de la bilirrubina directa, la hipoalbuminemia y la coagulopatía requieren evaluación seriada, ya que el deterioro hepático puede continuar pese a la disminución de los blastos. La ventilación mecánica, el soporte vasoactivo y el óxido nítrico inhalado suelen reflejar enfermedad grave establecida, más que predictores iniciales equivalentes. Las citocinas, quimiocinas y el ácido hialurónico son biomarcadores prometedores, todavía insuficientemente validados. La citarabina en dosis bajas puede beneficiar a pacientes graves, sin prevención demostrada de leucemia mieloide posterior. Consideraciones finales: La mortalidad precoz es multifactorial. La integración temporal de datos clínicos y analíticos puede favorecer el reconocimiento del riesgo, aunque las evidencias disponibles proceden de estudios pequeños y heterogéneos.
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