Resumo
Objetivo: Atualizar e avaliar, por meio de revisão sistemática e metanálise, os efeitos da traqueostomia precoce em comparação à tardia sobre desfechos clínicos em pacientes adultos críticos submetidos à ventilação mecânica invasiva. Métodos: Revisão sistemática conduzida conforme as recomendações do PRISMA 2020 e registrada no PROSPERO (CRD420251178979). Foram incluídos ensaios clínicos randomizados que compararam traqueostomia precoce e tardia em pacientes adultos ventilados mecanicamente. As buscas foram realizadas nas bases PubMed, Embase e Cochrane Library. Os desfechos analisados incluíram mortalidade global, mortalidade em 30 dias, duração da ventilação mecânica, tempo de permanência em unidade de terapia intensiva, pneumonia associada à ventilação mecânica e complicações laríngeas. As análises foram realizadas por modelos de efeitos aleatórios. Resultados: Foram incluídos 18 ensaios clínicos randomizados, totalizando 3.656 pacientes. A traqueostomia precoce esteve associada à menor incidência de complicações laríngeas e redução da mortalidade global, especialmente em pacientes não neurocríticos. Não houve redução significativa global do tempo de ventilação mecânica nem da pneumonia associada à ventilação. Considerações finais: A traqueostomia precoce não demonstra benefício uniforme na população geral de pacientes críticos. Entretanto, subgrupos específicos podem apresentar vantagens clínicas relevantes, reforçando a necessidade de decisão individualizada.
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