Keywords
Estrogen
Progesterone
Menstrual cycle
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Abstract
Objective: To analyze the role of hormonal variations in the higher prevalence and severity of TMD in women and to explore their clinical implications. Methods: A systematic review was conducted using PubMed, SciELO, and LILACS databases, including studies published between 2010 and 2025. Cross-sectional, experimental, and cohort studies investigating the association between hormonal factors and the prevalence or severity of TMD were included. The article followed the PRISMA recommendations and was registered in PROSPERO under the number CRD420251236682. Results: Nine studies were included, comprising human populations and animal models. A higher prevalence and greater pain intensity were observed in women, particularly between 20 and 45 years of age. Experimental evidence indicated that estradiol may enhance nociceptive responses in inflammatory conditions of the temporomandibular joint. However, clinical studies demonstrated limitations regarding the control of specific hormonal variables. Conclusion: Hormonal variations appear to contribute to the increased susceptibility and severity of TMD in women. Further well-controlled clinical studies are needed to clarify endocrine influences and support more individualized therapeutic approaches.
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