Resumen
Objetivo: Realizar un análisis y revisión de las principales complicaciones postoperatorias de las cirugías cardíacas mediante circulación extracorpórea (CEC), abordando de forma clara y concisa los mecanismos fisiopatológicos fundamentales implicados y la influencia de estas lesiones directamente en los resultados clínicos y la recuperación del paciente. Revisión de la literatura: La CEC se convirtió en una técnica cirúrgica revolucionaria ya que permitió mantener la perfusión orgánica independiente de los latidos del corazón. Sin embargo, es un método no fisiológico y responsable de muchas complicaciones en el postoperatorio de procedimientos cardiotorácicos. Los principales problemas relacionados con el uso de la CEC en cirugías se dividieron en ocho grupos: síndrome de respuesta inflamatoria sistémica, cambios hemostáticos, hipotensión arterial y cambios en la perfusión tisular, complicaciones cardíacas, pulmonares, renales, gastrointestinales y neurológicas. Consideraciones finales: Por lo tanto, si bien la CEC es una técnica muy importante para el avance tecnológico de las cirugías cardiotorácicas, su aplicación se relaciona con diversas complicaciones que afectan diversos órganos y sistemas, prolongando la recuperación del paciente. Finalmente, cabe destacar que el manejo adecuado de los factores de riesgo y la reducción del tiempo de CEC son estrategias para minimizar dichos problemas.
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