Asociación entre carbohidratos, triglicéridos y enfermedades cardiovasculares
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Jul 18, 2023
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Resumen
Objetivo: evaluar el papel de los carbohidratos de la dieta en la enfermedad cardiovascular y el marcador lipídico triglicérido y su impacto en los resultados cardiovasculares. Métodos: Revisión integrativa de la literatura, con búsqueda en las bases de datos PubMed y Biblioteca Virtual en Salud (BVS), en el intervalo de tiempo de 2012 a 2022, utilizando Health Sciences Descriptors (DeCS) y Medical Subject Headings (Mesh): triglicéridos, carbohidratos y cardiovascular factores de riesgo con el operador booleano “AND”. Se utilizó la siguiente pregunta orientadora: ¿Cuál es la influencia de los carbohidratos de la dieta sobre el marcador de triglicéridos y cuál es su relación con la enfermedad cardiovascular? Resultados: se incluyeron en este análisis 10 artículos que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. En total, entre los estudios incluidos en la revisión, se obtuvo una muestra de 17.879 individuos con edades comprendidas entre 18 y 75 años. El IMC medio varió entre 23 y 45 kg/m². Consideraciones finales: Las dietas bajas en carbohidratos pueden ser efectivas para la pérdida de peso y promover beneficios en los marcadores de riesgo cardiovascular a corto plazo, con un aumento en los niveles de HDL. Sin embargo, cuando se trata de triglicéridos, los resultados son controvertidos.
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Cómo citar
AvelarN. F. D. de, MachadoP. da C., Azevedo FilhoF. M. de, & ReisL. B. de S. M. (2023). Asociación entre carbohidratos, triglicéridos y enfermedades cardiovasculares. Revista Eletrônica Acervo Saúde, 23(7), e12645. https://doi.org/10.25248/reas.e12645.2023
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Citas
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2. BARBER TM, et al. The Low-Carbohydrate Diet: Short-Term Metabolic Efficacy Versus Longer-Term Limitations. Nutrients, 2021; 13(4): 1187.
3. BAZZANO LA, et al. Effects of Low-Carbohydrate and Low-Fat Diets. Annals of Internal Medicine, 2014; 161(5): 309.
4. BLESSO CN, et al. Effects of carbohydrate restriction and dietary cholesterol provided by eggs on clinical risk factors in metabolic syndrome. Journal of Clinical Lipidology, 2013; 7(5): 463–71.
5. CAPURSO C. Whole-Grain Intake in the Mediterranean Diet and a Low Protein to Carbohydrates Ratio Can Help to Reduce Mortality from Cardiovascular Disease, Slow Down the Progression of Aging, and to Improve Lifespan: A Review. Nutrients, 2021; 13(8): 2540.
6. DEHGHAN M, et al. Associations of fats and carbohydrate intake with cardiovascular disease and mortality in 18 countries from five continents (PURE): a prospective cohort study. The Lancet, 2017; 390(10107): 2050–62.
7. DONG T, et al. The effects of low-carbohydrate diets on cardiovascular risk factors: A meta-analysis. Cheungpasitporn W, editor. PLOS ONE, 2020; 15(1): e0225348.
8. FOSTER GD, et al. A randomized trial of a low-carbohydrate diet for obesity. The New England journal of medicine, 2003; 348(21): 2082–90.
9. HA K, et al. A moderate-carbohydrate diet with plant protein is inversely associated with cardiovascular risk factors: the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013–2017. Nutrition Journal, 2020; 19(1): 84.
10. KLEMPFNER R, et al. Elevated Triglyceride Level Is Independently Associated with Increased All-Cause Mortality in Patients With Established Coronary Heart Disease. Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes, 2016; 9(2): 100– 8.
11. LEE KW e CHO MS. The traditional Korean dietary pattern is associated with decreased risk of metabolic syndrome: findings from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1998-2009. Journal of medicinal food, 2014; 17(1): 43-56.
12. LUDWIG DS, et al. The carbohydrate-insulin model: a physiological perspective on the obesity pandemic. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2021; 114(6).
13. MANSOOR N, et al. Effects of low-carbohydrate diets v. low-fat diets on body weight and cardiovascular risk factors: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. British Journal of Nutrition, 2016; 115(3): 466-79.
14. MARTÍNEZ-GONZÁLEZ MA, et al. Carbohydrate quality changes and concurrent changes in cardiovascular risk factors: a longitudinal analysis in the PREDIMED-Plus randomized trial. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2020; 111(2): 291–306.
15. MELLEN PB, et al. Whole grain intake and cardiovascular disease: A meta-analysis. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases, 2008; 18(4): 283–90.
16. MIN HS, et al. Blood Triglycerides Levels and Dietary Carbohydrate Indices in Healthy Koreans. Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, 2016; 49(3): 153–64.
17. NICHOLLS SJ e NELSON AJ. HDL and cardiovascular disease. Pathology, 2019; 51(2): 142-147.
18. OLIVEIRA GMM, et al. Estatística Cardiovascular – Brasil 2021. Arquivos Brasileiros Card, 2022; 118(1): 115–373.
19. PADOVANI RM, et al. Dietary reference intakes: aplicabilidade das tabelas em estudos nutricionais. Revista de Nutrição, 2006; 19: 741–60.
20. PRÉCOMA DB, et al. Atualização da Diretriz de Prevenção Cardiovascular da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia – 2019, Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, 2019; 113(4): 787–891.
21. RICHTER CK, et al. Plant protein and animal proteins: do they differentially affect cardiovascular disease risk? Adv Nutr, 2015; 6(6): 712-28.
22. ROA-DÍAZ ZM, et al. Gene-diet interactions and cardiovascular diseases: a systematic review of observational and clinical trials. BMC cardiovascular disorders, 2022; 22(1): 377.
23. ROTH GA, et al. Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases and Risk Factors, 1990-2019: Update from the GBD 2019 Study. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 2020; 76(25): 2982–3021.
24. SACKS FM, et al. Effects of High vs Low Glycemic Index of Dietary Carbohydrate on Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors and Insulin Sensitivity: The OmniCarb Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA, 2014; 312(23): 2531–41.
25. SCHIAVO M, et al. Influência da dieta na concentração sérica de triglicerídeos. Jornal Brasileiro de Patologia e Medicina Laboratorial, 2003; 39: 283–8.
26. SHIH CW, et al. Changes in blood lipid concentrations associated with changes in intake of dietary saturated fat in the context of a healthy low-carbohydrate weight-loss diet: a secondary analysis of the Diet Intervention Examining the Factors Interacting with Treatment Success (DIETFITS) trial. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2019; 109(2): 433–41.
27. SIEVENPIPER JL. Low-carbohydrate diets and cardiometabolic health: the importance of carbohydrate quality over quantity. Nutrition Reviews, 2020; 78(1): 69–77.
28. SIMÃO A, et al. I Diretriz Brasileira de Prevenção Cardiovascular. Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, 2013; 101(6):1–63.
29. SIRI-TARINO PW, et al. Saturated fat, carbohydrate, and cardiovascular disease. Am J Cli Nutr, 2010; 91(3):502-9.
30. SMART NA, et al. Low-fat diets for acquired hypercholesterolaemia. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2011; 2011(2):CD007957.
31. SOLIMAN, GA. Dietary fiber, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular disease. Nutrients, 2019; 11(5):1155- 2019.
32. SONESTEDT E, et al. The Association between Carbohydrate-Rich Foods and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease Is Not Modified by Genetic Susceptibility to Dyslipidemia as Determined by 80 Validated Variants. PLOS ONE, 2015;10(4): e0126104.
33. SOUZA MT, et al. Revisão integrativa: o que é e como fazer? Einstein (São Paulo), 2010; 8(1): 102–6.
34. STERN L, et al. The Effects of Low-Carbohydrate versus Conventional Weight Loss Diets in Severely Obese Adults: One-Year Follow-up of a Randomized Trial. Annals of Internal Medicine, 2004; 140(10): 778.
35. VEGA-LÓPEZ S, et al. Relevance of the Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load for Body Weight, Diabetes, and Cardiovascular Disease, Nutrients, 2018; 10(10): 1361.
36. VOLEK JS, et al. An Isoenergetic Very Low Carbohydrate Diet Improves Serum HDL Cholesterol and Triacylglycerol Concentrations, the Total Cholesterol to HDL Cholesterol Ratio and Postprandial Lipemic Responses Compared with a Low Fat Diet in Normal Weight, Normolipidemic Women. The Journal of Nutrition, 2003; 133(9): 2756–61.
37. WALLSTRÖM P, et al. Dietary fiber and saturated fat intake associations with cardiovascular disease differ by sex in the Malmö Diet and Cancer Cohort: a prospective study. PloS one, 2012; 7(2): e31637.
38. World Health Organization. The Top 10 Causes of Death [Internet]. World Health Organization. 2020.
Disponível em: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/the-top-10-causes-of-death. Acessado em: 19 de outubro de 2022.
39. YANG Q, et al. The effects of low-fat, high-carbohydrate diets vs. low-carbohydrate, high-fat diets on weight, blood pressure, serum liquids and blood glucose: a systematic review and meta-analysis. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2022; 76(1): 16-27.
2. BARBER TM, et al. The Low-Carbohydrate Diet: Short-Term Metabolic Efficacy Versus Longer-Term Limitations. Nutrients, 2021; 13(4): 1187.
3. BAZZANO LA, et al. Effects of Low-Carbohydrate and Low-Fat Diets. Annals of Internal Medicine, 2014; 161(5): 309.
4. BLESSO CN, et al. Effects of carbohydrate restriction and dietary cholesterol provided by eggs on clinical risk factors in metabolic syndrome. Journal of Clinical Lipidology, 2013; 7(5): 463–71.
5. CAPURSO C. Whole-Grain Intake in the Mediterranean Diet and a Low Protein to Carbohydrates Ratio Can Help to Reduce Mortality from Cardiovascular Disease, Slow Down the Progression of Aging, and to Improve Lifespan: A Review. Nutrients, 2021; 13(8): 2540.
6. DEHGHAN M, et al. Associations of fats and carbohydrate intake with cardiovascular disease and mortality in 18 countries from five continents (PURE): a prospective cohort study. The Lancet, 2017; 390(10107): 2050–62.
7. DONG T, et al. The effects of low-carbohydrate diets on cardiovascular risk factors: A meta-analysis. Cheungpasitporn W, editor. PLOS ONE, 2020; 15(1): e0225348.
8. FOSTER GD, et al. A randomized trial of a low-carbohydrate diet for obesity. The New England journal of medicine, 2003; 348(21): 2082–90.
9. HA K, et al. A moderate-carbohydrate diet with plant protein is inversely associated with cardiovascular risk factors: the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013–2017. Nutrition Journal, 2020; 19(1): 84.
10. KLEMPFNER R, et al. Elevated Triglyceride Level Is Independently Associated with Increased All-Cause Mortality in Patients With Established Coronary Heart Disease. Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes, 2016; 9(2): 100– 8.
11. LEE KW e CHO MS. The traditional Korean dietary pattern is associated with decreased risk of metabolic syndrome: findings from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1998-2009. Journal of medicinal food, 2014; 17(1): 43-56.
12. LUDWIG DS, et al. The carbohydrate-insulin model: a physiological perspective on the obesity pandemic. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2021; 114(6).
13. MANSOOR N, et al. Effects of low-carbohydrate diets v. low-fat diets on body weight and cardiovascular risk factors: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. British Journal of Nutrition, 2016; 115(3): 466-79.
14. MARTÍNEZ-GONZÁLEZ MA, et al. Carbohydrate quality changes and concurrent changes in cardiovascular risk factors: a longitudinal analysis in the PREDIMED-Plus randomized trial. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2020; 111(2): 291–306.
15. MELLEN PB, et al. Whole grain intake and cardiovascular disease: A meta-analysis. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases, 2008; 18(4): 283–90.
16. MIN HS, et al. Blood Triglycerides Levels and Dietary Carbohydrate Indices in Healthy Koreans. Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, 2016; 49(3): 153–64.
17. NICHOLLS SJ e NELSON AJ. HDL and cardiovascular disease. Pathology, 2019; 51(2): 142-147.
18. OLIVEIRA GMM, et al. Estatística Cardiovascular – Brasil 2021. Arquivos Brasileiros Card, 2022; 118(1): 115–373.
19. PADOVANI RM, et al. Dietary reference intakes: aplicabilidade das tabelas em estudos nutricionais. Revista de Nutrição, 2006; 19: 741–60.
20. PRÉCOMA DB, et al. Atualização da Diretriz de Prevenção Cardiovascular da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia – 2019, Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, 2019; 113(4): 787–891.
21. RICHTER CK, et al. Plant protein and animal proteins: do they differentially affect cardiovascular disease risk? Adv Nutr, 2015; 6(6): 712-28.
22. ROA-DÍAZ ZM, et al. Gene-diet interactions and cardiovascular diseases: a systematic review of observational and clinical trials. BMC cardiovascular disorders, 2022; 22(1): 377.
23. ROTH GA, et al. Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases and Risk Factors, 1990-2019: Update from the GBD 2019 Study. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 2020; 76(25): 2982–3021.
24. SACKS FM, et al. Effects of High vs Low Glycemic Index of Dietary Carbohydrate on Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors and Insulin Sensitivity: The OmniCarb Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA, 2014; 312(23): 2531–41.
25. SCHIAVO M, et al. Influência da dieta na concentração sérica de triglicerídeos. Jornal Brasileiro de Patologia e Medicina Laboratorial, 2003; 39: 283–8.
26. SHIH CW, et al. Changes in blood lipid concentrations associated with changes in intake of dietary saturated fat in the context of a healthy low-carbohydrate weight-loss diet: a secondary analysis of the Diet Intervention Examining the Factors Interacting with Treatment Success (DIETFITS) trial. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2019; 109(2): 433–41.
27. SIEVENPIPER JL. Low-carbohydrate diets and cardiometabolic health: the importance of carbohydrate quality over quantity. Nutrition Reviews, 2020; 78(1): 69–77.
28. SIMÃO A, et al. I Diretriz Brasileira de Prevenção Cardiovascular. Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, 2013; 101(6):1–63.
29. SIRI-TARINO PW, et al. Saturated fat, carbohydrate, and cardiovascular disease. Am J Cli Nutr, 2010; 91(3):502-9.
30. SMART NA, et al. Low-fat diets for acquired hypercholesterolaemia. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2011; 2011(2):CD007957.
31. SOLIMAN, GA. Dietary fiber, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular disease. Nutrients, 2019; 11(5):1155- 2019.
32. SONESTEDT E, et al. The Association between Carbohydrate-Rich Foods and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease Is Not Modified by Genetic Susceptibility to Dyslipidemia as Determined by 80 Validated Variants. PLOS ONE, 2015;10(4): e0126104.
33. SOUZA MT, et al. Revisão integrativa: o que é e como fazer? Einstein (São Paulo), 2010; 8(1): 102–6.
34. STERN L, et al. The Effects of Low-Carbohydrate versus Conventional Weight Loss Diets in Severely Obese Adults: One-Year Follow-up of a Randomized Trial. Annals of Internal Medicine, 2004; 140(10): 778.
35. VEGA-LÓPEZ S, et al. Relevance of the Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load for Body Weight, Diabetes, and Cardiovascular Disease, Nutrients, 2018; 10(10): 1361.
36. VOLEK JS, et al. An Isoenergetic Very Low Carbohydrate Diet Improves Serum HDL Cholesterol and Triacylglycerol Concentrations, the Total Cholesterol to HDL Cholesterol Ratio and Postprandial Lipemic Responses Compared with a Low Fat Diet in Normal Weight, Normolipidemic Women. The Journal of Nutrition, 2003; 133(9): 2756–61.
37. WALLSTRÖM P, et al. Dietary fiber and saturated fat intake associations with cardiovascular disease differ by sex in the Malmö Diet and Cancer Cohort: a prospective study. PloS one, 2012; 7(2): e31637.
38. World Health Organization. The Top 10 Causes of Death [Internet]. World Health Organization. 2020.
Disponível em: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/the-top-10-causes-of-death. Acessado em: 19 de outubro de 2022.
39. YANG Q, et al. The effects of low-fat, high-carbohydrate diets vs. low-carbohydrate, high-fat diets on weight, blood pressure, serum liquids and blood glucose: a systematic review and meta-analysis. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2022; 76(1): 16-27.