Novos derivados anfetamínicos utilizados no tratamento do Transtorno do Déficit de Atenção e Hiperatividade: prós e contras
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Aug 24, 2024
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Objetivo: Discorrer sobre os novos derivados anfetamínicos utilizados para o tratamento do Transtorno de Déficit de Atenção e Hiperatividade (TDAH), destacando aspectos positivos e fragilidades. Revisão bibliográfica: O TDAH, uma síndrome do neurodesenvolvimento marcada por desatenção, hiperatividade e impulsividade, possui como primeira escolha de tratamento farmacológico as anfetaminas, como anfetamina, dextroanfetamina, lisdexanfetamina e metilfenidato. Diferentes formulações destes fármacos, desde suspensões orais, comprimidos mastigáveis de liberação prolongada e adesivos transdérmicos são algumas das novas opções para o tratamento. Considerações finais: Destaca-se a preferência por anfetaminas em adultos, enquanto o metilfenidato é mais indicado para crianças e adolescentes, embora a lisdexanfetamina também seja uma opção importante. Novas formulações de liberação prolongada, como suspensões orais e comprimidos, demonstraram eficácia e segurança, oferecendo opções terapêuticas mais convenientes, com melhores chances de adesão e menor potencial de abuso, havendo um destaque também para o uso na forma de adesivo transdérmico. No entanto, eventos adversos e fragilidades devem ser considerados na decisão terapêutica. E mesmo com os importantes avanços nesta farmacoterapia, alguns pacientes permanecem sem resposta terapêutica adequada, sendo importante a continuidade dos estudos e desenvolvimento de medicamentos para o tratamento dos diferentes fenótipos de TDAH, permitindo melhor escolha e tratamento mais racional para os pacientes.
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Como Citar
FerreiraS. R. D., SilvaE. R. da, SilvaG. G. D. da, LandimE. C. S., NascimentoR. F. do, CarvalhoR. M. C. de, & MacêdoC. L. (2024). Novos derivados anfetamínicos utilizados no tratamento do Transtorno do Déficit de Atenção e Hiperatividade: prós e contras. Revista Eletrônica Acervo Saúde, 24(8), e16815. https://doi.org/10.25248/reas.e16815.2024
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Revisão Bibliográfica
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Referências
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23. FAYYAD J, et al. The descriptive epidemiology of DSM-IV adult ADHD in the world health organization world mental health surveys. ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders, 2017; 9: 47-65.
24. FINDLING RL et al. Transdermal therapy for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder with the methylphenidate patch (MTS). CNS drugs, 2014; 28: 217-228.
25. FRAMPTON JE. Lisdexamfetamine dimesylate: a review in paediatric ADHD. Drugs, 2018; 78: 1025-1036.
26. FRANKE B, et al. Live fast, die young? A review on the developmental trajectories of ADHD across the lifespan. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 2018; 28(10): 1059-1088.
27. FRICK G, et al. Triple-bead mixed amphetamine salts (SHP465) in adults with ADHD: results of a phase 3, double-blind, randomized, forced-dose trial. Journal of Attention Disorders, 2020; 24(3): 402-413.
28. HEAL DJ, et al. Amphetamine, past and present–a pharmacological and clinical perspective. Journal of psychopharmacology, 2013; 27(6): 479-496.
29. ILIC I, ILIC M. Global incidence of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder among children. Biology and Life Sciences Forum. MDPI, 2022; 1(6).
30. KIM JH, et al. Environmental risk factors, protective factors, and peripheral biomarkers for ADHD: an umbrella review. The Lancet Psychiatry. 2020; 7(11): 955–70.
31. KOOIJ JJS, et al. Updated European Consensus Statement on diagnosis and treatment of adult ADHD. European psychiatry, 2019; 56(1): 14-34.
32. MALTEZOS S, et al. Glutamate/glutamine and neuronal integrity in adults with ADHD: a proton MRS study. Transl. Psychiatry, 2014; 4: e373.
33. NGAN M, et al. Risk factors and impact of ADHD on children with recent Onset Epilepsy. HK J Paediatr (new series). 2019; 24(2): 65.
34. NICE. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: diagnosis and management. Disponível em: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng87. Acesso em 25 out. 2023.
35. PARDO A, et al. Assessing Palatability of a New Amphetamine Extended-Release Tablet Formulation for the Treatment of ADHD. Drug Design, Development and Therapy, 2021; 2979-2985.
36. QUELCH DR, et al. Imaging endogenous opioid peptide release with [11C] carfentanil and [3H] diprenorphine: influence of agonist-induced internalization. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism, 2014; 34(10): 1604-1612.
37. SAGVOLDEN T, Xu T. l-Amphetamine improves poor sustained attention while d-amphetamine reduces overactivity and impulsiveness as well as improves sustained attention in an animal model of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Behavioral and Brain Functions, 2008; 4(1): 1-12.
38. SURMAN CB, et al. post-hoc analyses of the effects of baseline sleep quality on SHP465 mixed amphetamine salts extended-release treatment response in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. CNS drugs, 2019; 33: 695-706.
39. WILLOUGHBY MT. Developmental course of ADHD symptomatology during the transition from childhood to adolescence: a review with recommendations. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2003; 44: 88-106.
40. ZAHED G, et al. The Effect of Long-Acting Methylphenidate and Modafinil on Attention and Impulsivity of Children with ADHD using a Continuous Performance Test: A Comparative Study. Iranian Journal of Child Neurology, 2022; 16(3): 67.
2. ADLER LA, et al. Post hoc responder and remission analyses from two studies of SHP465 mixed amphetamine salts extended-release among adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 2020; 30(7), 427-438.
3. AHLBERG R, et al. Associations Between Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), ADHD Medication, and Shorter Height: A Quasi-experimental and Family-Based Study. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 2023; 62(12): 1316-1325.
4. AVELAR AJ, et al. Amphetamine augments vesicular dopamine release in the dorsal and ventral striatum through different mechanisms. Journal of neurochemistry, 2013; 125(3): 373-385.
5. BRUMBAUGH S, et al. Trends in characteristics of the recipients of new prescription stimulants between years 2010 and 2020 in the United States: an observational cohort study. EClinicalMedicine, 2022; 50: 101524.
6. CHILDRESS AC, et al. A post hoc comparison of prior ADHD medication dose and optimized delayed-release and extended-release methylphenidate dose in a pivotal phase III trial. Clinical Therapeutics, 2020; 42(12), 2332-2340.
7. CHILDRESS AC, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of HLD200, a delayed-release and extended-release methylphenidate, in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: an evaluation of safety and efficacy throughout the day and across settings. Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology, 2020; 30(1): 2-14.
8. CHILDRESS AC, et al. Early-onset efficacy and safety pilot study of amphetamine extended-release oral suspension in the treatment of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 2019; 29(1): 2-8.
9. CHILDRESS AC, et al. Gender effects in the efficacy of racemic amphetamine sulfate in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Advances in Therapy, 2019; 36: 1370-1387.
10. CHILDRESS AC, et al. Long-term treatment with extended-release methylphenidate treatment in children aged 4 to< 6 years. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 2022; 61(1): 80-92.
11. CHILDRESS AC, et al. QuilliChew extended-release chewable tablets for the treatment of ADHD in patients ages 6 years old and above. Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2018; 15(12): 1263-1270.
12. CHILDRESS AC, et al.The efficacy and safety of evekeo, racemic amphetamine sulfate, for treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms: A multicenter, dose-optimized, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled crossover laboratory classroom study. Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology, 2015; 25(5): 402-414.
13. CHILDRESS AC. Methylphenidate HCL for the treatment of ADHD in children and adolescents. Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy, 2016; 17(8): 1171-1178.
14. CHILDRESS AE, et al. Efficacy and safety of amphetamine extended-release oral suspension in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol, 2018; 28: 306–313.
15. CORTESE S, et al. Comparative efficacy and tolerability of medications for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children, adolescents, and adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. The Lancet Psychiatry, 2018; 5(9): 727-738.
16. CORTESE S. Pharmacologic Treatment os Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder. N Engl J Med. 2020; 383(11): 1050-1056.
17. CUTLER AJ, et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, fixed-dose study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of amphetamine extended-release tablets in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 2022; 83(5): 41875.
18. DALSGAARD S, et al. ADHD, stimulant treatment in childhood and subsequent substance abuse in adulthood—a naturalistic long-term follow-up study. Addictive behaviors, 2014; 39(1): 325-328.
19. FARAONE SV, et al. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Nature reviews Disease primers, 2015; 1: 15020.
20. FARAONE SV, et al. Early morning functional impairments in stimulant-treated children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder versus controls: Impact on the family. Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology, 2017; 27(8): 715-722.
21. FARAONE SV, et al. Efficacy of Amphetamine Extended-Release Oral Suspension in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Effect Size Across the Day. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 2023; 33(1): 14-19.
22. FARAONE SV, et al. The world federation of ADHD international consensus statement: 208 evidence-based conclusions about the disorder. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 2021; 128: 789-818.
23. FAYYAD J, et al. The descriptive epidemiology of DSM-IV adult ADHD in the world health organization world mental health surveys. ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders, 2017; 9: 47-65.
24. FINDLING RL et al. Transdermal therapy for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder with the methylphenidate patch (MTS). CNS drugs, 2014; 28: 217-228.
25. FRAMPTON JE. Lisdexamfetamine dimesylate: a review in paediatric ADHD. Drugs, 2018; 78: 1025-1036.
26. FRANKE B, et al. Live fast, die young? A review on the developmental trajectories of ADHD across the lifespan. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 2018; 28(10): 1059-1088.
27. FRICK G, et al. Triple-bead mixed amphetamine salts (SHP465) in adults with ADHD: results of a phase 3, double-blind, randomized, forced-dose trial. Journal of Attention Disorders, 2020; 24(3): 402-413.
28. HEAL DJ, et al. Amphetamine, past and present–a pharmacological and clinical perspective. Journal of psychopharmacology, 2013; 27(6): 479-496.
29. ILIC I, ILIC M. Global incidence of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder among children. Biology and Life Sciences Forum. MDPI, 2022; 1(6).
30. KIM JH, et al. Environmental risk factors, protective factors, and peripheral biomarkers for ADHD: an umbrella review. The Lancet Psychiatry. 2020; 7(11): 955–70.
31. KOOIJ JJS, et al. Updated European Consensus Statement on diagnosis and treatment of adult ADHD. European psychiatry, 2019; 56(1): 14-34.
32. MALTEZOS S, et al. Glutamate/glutamine and neuronal integrity in adults with ADHD: a proton MRS study. Transl. Psychiatry, 2014; 4: e373.
33. NGAN M, et al. Risk factors and impact of ADHD on children with recent Onset Epilepsy. HK J Paediatr (new series). 2019; 24(2): 65.
34. NICE. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: diagnosis and management. Disponível em: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng87. Acesso em 25 out. 2023.
35. PARDO A, et al. Assessing Palatability of a New Amphetamine Extended-Release Tablet Formulation for the Treatment of ADHD. Drug Design, Development and Therapy, 2021; 2979-2985.
36. QUELCH DR, et al. Imaging endogenous opioid peptide release with [11C] carfentanil and [3H] diprenorphine: influence of agonist-induced internalization. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism, 2014; 34(10): 1604-1612.
37. SAGVOLDEN T, Xu T. l-Amphetamine improves poor sustained attention while d-amphetamine reduces overactivity and impulsiveness as well as improves sustained attention in an animal model of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Behavioral and Brain Functions, 2008; 4(1): 1-12.
38. SURMAN CB, et al. post-hoc analyses of the effects of baseline sleep quality on SHP465 mixed amphetamine salts extended-release treatment response in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. CNS drugs, 2019; 33: 695-706.
39. WILLOUGHBY MT. Developmental course of ADHD symptomatology during the transition from childhood to adolescence: a review with recommendations. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2003; 44: 88-106.
40. ZAHED G, et al. The Effect of Long-Acting Methylphenidate and Modafinil on Attention and Impulsivity of Children with ADHD using a Continuous Performance Test: A Comparative Study. Iranian Journal of Child Neurology, 2022; 16(3): 67.